سيرة النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم
The
Prophet's Biography
May Allah exalt his Mention
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This book has been adapted from The Biography of the Prophet
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Date: 14/01/1427
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Pre-Prophethood
Religious Conditions
Great religions of the world had spread the light of faith, morality and learning in the ages past. However, by the sixth century AD, so completely were their scriptures and teachings distorted that had the founder or the Prophet of any one of them returned to Earth, he would unquestionably have refused his own religion and denounced its followers as apostates and idolaters.
Judaism had, by then, been reduced to an amalgam of dead rituals and sacraments without any spark of life left in it. Also, being a religion upholding a strong racial identity, it never had a message for other nations or for the good of the humanity at large.
Through mysticism and magic many polytheistic ideas and customs again found their way among the people, and the Talmud confirms the fact that idolatrous worship is seductive. The Babylonian Gemara (popular during the sixth century and often even preferred to Torah by the orthodox Jews) illustrates the state of the sixth century Jews' intellectual and religious understanding. It contains jocular and imprudent remarks about God and many absurd and outrageous beliefs and ideas, which lack not only sensibility but also inconsistency with the Jewish faith in monotheism.
Christianity had fallen prey, in its very infancy, to the misguided fervor of its overzealous evangelists, unwarranted interpretation of its tenets by ignorant church fathers and iconolatry of its gentile converts to Christianity. The doctrine of Trinity, which came to have the first claim to the Christian dogma by the close of the fourth century, has been thus described in the New Catholic Encyclopedia.
"It is difficult, in the second half of the 20th century to offer a clear, objective, and straightforward account of the revelation, doctrinal evolution, and theological elaboration of the mystery of the Trinity. Trinitarian discussion, as envisioned by Roman Catholics as well as other sectors, presents a somewhat unsteady silhouette. Two things have happened. There is an arrangement on the part of the exegetes and Biblical theologians, including a constantly growing number of Roman Catholics that one should not speak of Trinitarianism in the New Testament without serious qualification. There is also the closely parallel agreement on the part of the historians of the Trinitarian dogma and systematic theologians that when one does speak of an unqualified Trinitarianism, one has moved from the period of Christian origins to, say, the last quadrant of the 4th century. It was only then that what might be called the definitive Trinitarian dogma 'one God in three persons' became thoroughly assimilated into Christian life and thought."
Tracing the origin of pagan customs, rites, festivals and religious services of the pagans in Christianity, another historian of the Christian church gives a graphic account of the persistent endeavor of early Christians to ape the idolatrous nations. Rev. James Houston Baxter, Professor of Ecclesiastical History in the University of St. Andrews writes in The History of Christianity in the Light of Modern Knowledge:
"If paganism had been destroyed, it was less through annihilation than through absorption. Almost all that was pagan was carried over to survive under a Christian name. Deprived of demi-gods and heroes, men easily and half-consciously invested a local martyr with their attributes and labeled the local statue with his name, transferring to him the cult and mythology associated with the pagan deity. Before the century was over, the martyr cult was universal, and a beginning had been made of that imposition of a deified human being between God and man which, on the one hand, had been the consequence of Arianism, and was, on the other, the origin of so much that is typical of medieval piety and practice. Pagan festivals were adopted and renamed: by 400, Christmas Day, the ancient festival of the sun, was transformed into the birthday of Jesus."
By the time sixth century reared its head, the antagonism between Christians of Syria, Iraq and Egypt on the question of human and divine natures of Christ had set them at one another's throat. The conflict had virtually turned every Christian seminary, church and home into a hostile camp, each condemning and berating the other and thirsting after its adversary's blood. Men debated with fury upon shadows or shades of belief and staked their lives on the most immaterial issues, as if these differences meant a confrontation between two antagonistic religions or nations. The Christians were, thus, neither inclined nor had time to settle matters in proper their perspective and smother the ever-increasing viciousness in the world for the salvation of humanity.
In Iran, from the earliest times, the Magi worshipped four elements (of which fire was the chief object of devotion) in the oratories or fire temples for which they had evolved a whole mass of intricate rituals and commandments. In actual practice, the popular religion included nothing save the worship of fire and adoration of Huare-Kishaeta or the Shining Sun. Certain rituals performed in a place of worship were all that their religion demanded, for, after which they are free to live as they desired. There was nothing to distinguish a Magi from an unconscientious, perfidious fellow!
Arthur Christiensen writes in L'Iran les Sassanides:
"It was incumbent on the civil servants to offer prayers four times a day to the sun besides fire and water. Separate hymns were prescribed for rising and going to sleep, taking a bath, putting on the sacred cord, eating and drinking, sniffing, hair dressing, cutting of the nails, excrement and lighting the candle which were to be recited on each occasion with the greatest care. It was the duty of the priests to compound, purify and tend the sacred fire, which was never to be extinguished, nor water was ever allowed to touch fire. No metal was allowed to rust, for metals, too, were revered by their religion."
All prayers were performed facing the sacred fire. The last Iranian Emperor, Yazdagird III, once took an oath, saying: "I swear by the sun, which is the greatest of all gods". He had ordered those who had renounced Christianity to reenter their original faith and should publicly worship the sun in order to prove their sincerity. The principle of dualism, the two rival spirits of good and evil, had been upheld by the Iranians for such a long time that it had become a mark and symbol of their national creed. They believed that Ormuzd creates everything good, and Ahriman creates all that is bad. These two are perpetually at war and the one or the other gains the upper hand alternately. The Zoroastrian legends described by the historians of religion bear remarkable resemblance to the hierarchy of gods and goddesses and the fabulousness of Hindu and Greek mythology.
Buddhism, extending from India to Central Asia, had been converted into an idolatrous faith. Wherever the Buddhists went they took the idols (of the Buddha with them) and installed them there. Although the entire religious and cultural life of the Buddhists is overshadowed by idolatry, the students of religion have grave doubts whether Buddha was a nihilist or a believed in the existence of God. They are surprised how this religion could at all sustain itself in the absence of any faith or conviction in the primal being.
In the sixth century A.D., Hinduism had exceeded every other religion in the number of gods and goddesses. During this period, 33 million gods were worshipped by the Hindus. The tendency to regard everything which could do harm or good as an object of personal devotion was at its height and this had given a great encouragement to stone sculpture with novel motifs of decorative ornamentation.
Describing the religious condition of India during the reign of Harsha (606-648), a little before the time when Islam made its debut in Arabia, a Hindu historian, C. V. Vaidya, writes in his History of Mediaeval Hindu India.
"Both Hinduism and Buddhism were equally idolatrous at this time. If anything, Buddhism perhaps beat the former in its intense idolatry. That religion started, indeed, with the denial of God, but concluded by making Buddha himself as the Supreme God. Later developments of Buddhism conceptualized other gods like the Bodhisatvas and the idolatry of Buddhism, especially in the Mahayana school was firmly established. It flourished in and out of India so much that the word for an idol in the Arabic has come to be Buddha itself."
C. V. Vaidya further says:
"No doubt idolatry was at this time rampant all over the world. From the Atlantic to the Pacific the world was immersed in idolatry; Christianity, Semitism, Hinduism and Buddhism vying, so to speak, one with another in their adoration of idols." (History of Ancient India,Vol. I, p.101)
The Arabs had been the followers of Abrahamic religion in the olden times and had the distinction of having the first House of God in their land. But the distance of time from the great patriarchs and Prophets of yore and their isolation in the arid deserts of the peninsula had given rise to an abominable idolatry. Such adoration closely approximated to the Hindus' zeal for idol-worship in the sixth century A. D. In associating partners to God they were not behind any other polytheistic people. Having faith in the companionship of lesser gods with the Supreme Being in the direction and governance of the universe, they held the belief that their deities possessed the power to do them good or harm, or give them life or death.
Idolatry in Arabia had reached its peak, where every region and every clan or rather every house had a separate deity of its own. Three hundred and sixty idols had been installed within the Ka'ba and its courtyard - the house built by Abraham ('alaihi salaam) for the worship of the One and only God. The Arabs actually paid divine honors not merely to sculptured idols but venerated all types of stones and fetish---angels, jinn and stars were all their deities. They believed that the angels were daughters of God and the jinn His partners in divinity and thus both enjoyed supernatural powers whose mollification was essential for their well-being.
Social and Moral Conditions
THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE
Crushed under vexatious and burdensome taxes levied by the Byzantine Empire, the allegiance to any alien ruler was considered by the populace as less oppressive than the rule of Byzantium. Insurrections and revolts had become such a common feature that in 532 A.D., the public voiced its discontent most dramatically in Constantinople by the Nika (win or conquer) revolt which took a toll of 30,000 lives. The only diversion of the chiefs and nobles was to squeeze wealth, on different pretexts, from the harassed peasantry, and squander it on their pleasure and amusement. Their craze for merriment and revelry very often reached the depths of hideous savagery.
The authors of Civilization, Past and Present have painted a lurid picture of the contradictory passions of the Byzantine society for religious experience as well as its love for sports and recreation marked by moral corruption.
"Byzantine social life was marked by tremendous contrasts. The religious attitude was deeply ingrained in the popular mind. Asceticism and monasticism were widespread throughout the empire, and to an extraordinary degree even the most commonplace individual seemed to take a vital interest in the deepest theological discussions, while all the people were much affected by a religious mysticism in their daily life. But, in contrast, the same people were exceptionally fond of all types of amusements. The great Hippodrome, accommodating 80,000 wide eyed spectators, was the scene of hotly disputed chariot races which split the entire populace into rival factions of 'Blue' and ‘Green.’ The Byzantine people possessed both a love of beauty and a streak of cruelty and viciousness. Their sports were often bloody and sadistic, their tortures horrible, and their aristocratic lives were a mixture of luxury, intrigue, and studied vices.
Egypt had vast resources of corn and shipping on which Constantinople largely depended for its prosperity, but the whole machinery of the imperial government in that province was directed to the sole purpose of squeezing profits from the ruled for the benefit of the rulers. In religious matters, too, the policy of suppressing the Jacobite heresy was pursued relentlessly. In short, Egypt was like a milking cow whose masters were only interested in sucking her milk without providing any fodder to her.
Syria, another fair dominion of the Byzantine Empire, was always treated as a hunting ground for the imperiousness and expansionist policy of the imperial government. Syrians were treated as slaves, at the mercy of their master, for they could never pretend to have any claim to a kind or considerate behavior upon their rulers. The taxes levied upon them were so excessive in amount and so unjust in incidence that the Syrians had very often to sell their children for clearing the government dues. Unwarranted persecution, confiscation of property, enslavement and impressed labor were some of the common features of the Byzantine rule. (Kurd 'Ali, Khutat Sham, Vol. i, p.101)
THE PERSIAN EMPIRE
Zoroastrianism is the oldest religion of Iran. Zarathushtra, the founder of Zoroastrianism, lived probably about 600-650 B.C. The Persian empire, after it had shaken off the Hellenistic influence, was larger in size and greater in wealth and splendor than the Eastern Roman or Byzantine empire. Ardashir I, the architect of Sasanian dynasty, laid the foundation of his kingdom by defeating Artabanus V in 224 A.D. In its heyday of glory the Sasanid Empire extended over Assyria, Khozistan, Media, Fars (Persia), Azarbaijan At-Tabaristan (Mazandaran), Saraksh, Marjan, Marv, Balkh (Bactria), Saghd (Sagdonia), Sijistan (Seastene), Hirat, Khurasan, Khwarizm (Khiva), Iraq and Yemen, and, for a time, had under its control the areas lying near the delta of the river Sind, Cutch, Kathiawar, Malwa and few other districts.
Ctesiphon (Mada’in), the capital of the Sasanids, combined a number of cities on either banks of the Tigris. During the fifth century and thereafter the Sasanid empire was known for its magnificence and splendor, cultural refinement and the life of ease and rounds of pleasure enjoyed by its nobility.
Zoroastrianism was founded, from the earliest times, on the concept of universal struggle between the ahuras and the daevas, the forces of the good and the evil. In the third century Mani appeared on the scene as a reformer of Zoroastrianism. Sapor I (240-271) at first embraced the precepts uttered by the innovator, remained faithful to them for ten years and then returned to Mazdaism. The Manichaeism was based on a most thorough going dualism of the two conflicting souls in man, one good and the other bad. In order, therefore, to get rid of the latter, preached Mani, one should practice strict asceticism and abstain from women. Mani spent a number of years in exile and returned to Iran after the accession of Bahram I to the throne, but was arrested, convicted of heresy, and beheaded. His converts must have remained faithful to his teachings, for we know that Manichaeism continued to influence Iranian thought and society for a long time even after the death of Mani. (Iran ba 'Ahd-i-Sasaniyan, pp.233-269)
Mazdak, the son of Baudad, was born at Nishapur in the fifth century. He also believed in the twin principle of light and darkness but in order to put down the vile emanating from darkness, he preached community of women and goods, which all men should share equally, as they do water, fire and wind. Mazdakites soon gained enough influence, thanks to the support of Emperor Kavadh, to cause a communistic upheaval in the country. The rowdy element got liberty to take forcible possession of wives and property of other citizens. In an ancient manuscript known as Namah Tinsar the ravages done to the Iranian society by the application of the communistic version of Mazdaeism have been graphically depicted as under:
"Chastity and manners were cast to the dogs. They came to the fore who had neither nobility nor character, nor acted uprightly, nor had any ancestral property; utterly indifferent to their families and the nation, they had no trade or calling; and being completely heartless they were ever willing to get into mischief, to mince the truth, vilify and malign others; for this was the only profession they knew for achieving wealth and fame."
Arthur Christensen concludes in Iran under the Sasanids:
"The result was that the peasants rose into revolt in many places, bandits started breaking into the houses of nobles to prey upon their property and to abduct their womenfolk. Gangsters took over the possession of landed estates and gradually the agricultural holdings became depopulated since the new owners knew nothing about the cultivation of land." (Iran ba 'Ahd-i-Sasaniyan, p.477)
Ancient Iran had always had a strange proclivity to subscribe to the extremist calls and radical movements, since; it has ever been under the influence of irreconcilable political and religious concepts. It has often been swinging as if by action and reaction, between Epicureanism and strict celibacy; and at others, either yielded passively to despotic feudalism and kingship and preposterous priesthood, or drifted to the other extreme of unruly and licentious communism; but has always missed that moderate, poised and even temper which is so vital for a heal Your and wholesome society.
Towards the end of the Sasaniyan Empire during the sixth century, all civil and military power was concentrated in the hands of the Emperors who were alienated from the people by an impassable barrier. They regarded themselves as the descendants of celestial gods; Khosrau Parviz or Chosroes II had lavished upon himself this grandiose surname: "The Immortal Soul Among the Gods and Peerless God Among Human Beings; Glorious is whose name; Dawning with the Sunrise and Light of the Dark Eyed Night." (Iran ba 'Ahd-i-Sasaniyan, p.604)
The entire wealth of the country and its resources belonged to the Emperor. The kings, grandees and nobles were obsessed with amassing wealth and treasure, costly gems and curios; were interested only in raising their own standard of living and luxuriating in mirth and merriment to an extent that it is now difficult for us to understand their craze for fun and festivity. He can alone visualize their dizzy rounds of riotous living who has studied the history, literature and poetry of the ancient Iran and is also well informed about the splendor of Ctesiphon, Aiwan-i-Kisra and Bahar-i-Kisra, tiara of the emperors, the awe striking court ceremonials, the number of queens and concubines, slaves, cooks and bearers, pet birds and beasts owned by the emperors and their trainers and all. The life of ease and comfort led by the kings and nobles of Persia can be judged from the way Yazdagird III fled from Ctesiphon after its capture by the Arabs. He had with him, during his flight, one thousand cooks, one thousand singers and musicians, and one thousand trainers of leopards and a thousand attendants of eagles besides innumerable parasites and hangers on but the Emperor still felt miserable for not having enough of them to enliven his drooping spirits.
The common people were, on the other hand, extremely poor and in great distress. The uncertainty of the tariff on which each man had to pay various taxes gave a pretext to the collectors of taxes for exorbitant exactions. Impressed labor, burdensome levies and conscription in the army as footman, without the inducement of pay or any other reward, had compelled a large number of peasants to give up their fields and take refuge in the service of temples or monasteries. In their bloody wars with the Byzantines, which seemed to be never ending and without any interest or profit to the common man, the Persian kings had been plying their subjects as a cannon fodder.
INDIA
The remarkable achievement of the ancient India in the fields of mathematics, astronomy, medicine and philosophy had earned her a lasting fame, but the historians are agreed that the era of her social, moral and religious degradation commenced from the opening decades of the sixth century. For shameless and revolting acts of sexual wantonness were consecrated by religion, even the temples had degenerated into cesspools of corruption. Women had lost their honor and respect in the society and so had the values attached to chastity. It was not unusual that the husband losing in a game of chance dealt out even his wife. The honor of the family, especially in higher classes claiming a noble descent, demanded that the widow should burn herself alive with the funeral pyre of her dead husband. The custom, upheld by society as the supreme act of fealty on the part of a widow to her late husband, was so deep-rooted that it could be completely suppressed only after the establishment of the British rule in India.
India left behind her neighbors, or, rather every other country of the world, in evolving an inflexible and callously inhuman stratification of its society based on social inequality. This system which excluded the original inhabitants of the country as exteriors or outcasts, was formulated to ensure the superiority of conquering Aryans and was invested with an aura of divine origin by the Brahmins. It canalized every aspect of the people's daily life according to heredity and occupation of different classes and was backed by religious and social laws set forth by the religious teachers and legislators. Its comprehensive code of life was applicable to the entire society, dividing it into four distinct classes:
(l) The Brahmins or priests enjoying the monopoly of performing religious rites;
(2) The Kshatriyas of nobles and warriors supposed to govern the country; and,
(3) The Vaisyas or merchants, peasants and artisans;
(4) The Sudras or the non Aryan serfs meant to serve the first three castes.
The Sudras or the dasas meaning slaves (forming a majority in the population), believed to have been born from the feet of Brahma, formed the most degraded class which had sunk socially to the lowest level. Nothing was more honorable for a Sudra, according to, the Manu Shastra, that to serve the Brahmins and other higher castes.
The social laws accorded the Brahmin class distinctive privileges and an honored place in society. "A Brahmin who remembers the Rig Veda", says the Manu Shastra, "is absolutely sinless, even if he debases all the three worlds." Neither any tax could be imposed on a Brahmin, nor he could be executed for any crime. The Sudras, on the contrary, could never acquire any property, nor retain any assets. Not allowed to sit near a Brahmin or touch him, the Sudras were not permitted to read the sacred scriptures!
India was drying up and losing, her vitality. Divided into numerous petty states, struggling for supremacy amongst them, the whole country had been given to lawlessness, mal-administration and tyranny. The country had, furthermore, severed itself from the rest of the world and retired into her shell. Her fixed beliefs and the growing rigidity of her iniquitous social structure, norms, rites and customs had made her mind rigid and static. Its parochial outlook and prejudices of blood, race and color carried within it the seeds of destruction. Vidya Dhar MaHajjan, formerly Professor of History in the Punjab University College, writes about the state of affairs in India on the eve of Muslim conquest:
"The people of India were living in isolation from the rest of the world. They were so much contented with themselves that they did not bother about what was happening outside their frontiers. Their ignorance of the developments outside their country put them in a very weak position. It also created a sense of stagnation among them. There was decay on all sides. There was not much life in the literature of the period. Architecture, painting and fine arts were also adversely affected. Indian society had become static and caste system had become very rigid. There was no remarriage of widows and restrictions with regard to food and drink became very rigid. The untouchables were forced to live outside the towns."
ARABIA
The idea of virtue, of morals, was unknown to the ancient Bedouin. Extremely fond of wine and gambling, he was hardhearted enough to bury alive his own daughter. Pillage of caravans and cold blooded murder for paltry gains were the typical methods to still the demands of the nomad. The Bedouin maiden, enjoyed no social status, could be bartered away like other exchangeable goods or cattle or be inherited by the deceased's heir. There were certain foods reserved for men which could not be taken by women. A man could have as many wives as he liked and could dispose of his children if he had not enough means to provide for their sustenance.
The Bedouin was bound by unbreakable bonds of fidelity to his family, blood relations and, finally, to the tribe. Fights and forays were his sport and murder a trifling affair. A minor incident sometimes gave rise to a sanguine and long drawn warfare between two powerful tribes. Oftentimes these wars were prolonged to as many as forty years in which thousands of tribesmen came to a violent end.
EUROPE
At the beginning of the Middle Ages the torch of knowledge flickered dimly and all the literary and artistic achievements of the classical past seemed destined to he lost for ever under the young and vigorous Germanic races which had risen to political power in the northern and western parts of Europe. The new rulers found neither pleasure nor honor in the philosophy, literature and arts of the nations outside their frontiers and appeared to be as filthy as their minds were filled with superstition. Their monks and clergymen, passing their lives in a long routine of useless and atrocious self-torture, and wailing before the ghastly phantoms of their delirious brains, were abhorrent to the company of human beings. They still debated the point whether a woman had the soul of a human being or of a beast, or was she blest with a finite or infinite spirit. She could neither acquire nor inherit any property nor had the right to sell or transfer the same.
Robert Briffault writes in the Making of Humanity:
"From the fifth to the tenth century Europe lay sunk in a night of barbarism which grew darker and darker. It was a barbarism far more awful and horrible than that of the primitive savage, for it was the decomposing body of what had once been a great civilization. The features and impress of that civilization were all but completely effaced. Where its development had been fullest, e. g. in Italy and Gaul, all was ruin, squalor and dissolution."
The Era of Darkness and Depression
The sixth century in which the Prophet (r) of Islam was born was, to be brief, the darkest era of history: it was the most depressing period in which the crestfallen humanity had abandoned all hopes of its revival and renaissance. This is the conclusion drawn by noted historian, H. G. Wells, who recapitulates the condition of the world at the time when Sasanid and Byzantine Empires had worn themselves out to a death like weariness:
"Science and Political Philosophy seemed dead now in both these warring and decaying Empires. The last philosophers of Athens, until their suppression, preserved the texts of the great literature of the past with an infinite reverence and want of understanding. But there remained no class of men in the world, no free gentlemen with bold and independent habits of thought, to carry on the tradition of frank statement and inquiry embodied in these writings. The social and political chaos accounts largely for the disappearance of this class, but there was also another reason why the human intelligence was sterile and feverish during this age. In both Persia and Byzantium it was an age of intolerance. Both Empires were religious empires in a new way, in a way that greatly hampered the free activities of the human mind."
The same writer, after describing the events leading to the onslaught of the Sasanids on Byzantium and eventual victory of the latter, throws light on the depth of social and moral degradation to which both these great nations had fallen. In these words:
"A Prophetic amateur of history surveying the world in the opening of the seventh century might have concluded very reasonably that it was only a question of a few centuries before the whole of Europe and Asia fell under Mongolian domination. There were no signs of order or union in Western Europe, and the Byzantine and Persian Empires were manifestly bent upon a mutual destruction. India also was divided and wasted."
Man had forgotten his Master, and had thus become oblivious of his own self, his future and his destiny. He had lost the sense to draw a distinction between vice and virtue, good and bad; it seemed as if something had slipped through his mind and heart, but he did not know what it was. He had neither any interest nor time to apply his mind to the questions like faith and hereafter. He had his hands too full to spare even a moment for what constituted the nourishment of his inner self and the Spirit, ultimate redemption or deliverance from sin, service to humanity and restoration of his own moral health. This was the time when not a single man could be found in a whole country who seemed to be anxious about his faith, who worshipped the One and only Lord of the world without. associating partners to Him or who appeared to be sincerely worried about the darkening future of humanity. This was the situation then obtaining in the world, so graphically depicted by God in the Qur'aan:
"Corruption doth appear on land and sea because of (the evil) which men's hands have done, that He may make them taste a part of that which they have done, in order that they may return." [Qur'aan 30:41]
NEED OF A NEW PROPHET
The old world was completely disarranged by the middle of the sixth century and man had fallen to such a depth of depravity that no reformer, revivalist or religious preacher could have hoped to put a new life in the humanity worn to its bones. The problem was not to fight any particular heresy or to its reshape a given mode of divine service, nor the question was how to curb the social evils of any society; for, there has never been any dearth of social reformers and religious preachers in any age or place. How to clear the contaminating debris of idolatry and fetishism, superstition and paganism, piling up from generation to generation during the past hundreds of years over the true teachings of the Prophets sent by God, was indeed a task, exceedingly toilsome and unwieldy. It was a Herculean task to make a clean sweep of this wreckage and then raise a new edifice on the foundations of piety and godliness. In short, the question was how to remake man who could think and feel differently from his predecessors as a changed an, re-born or brought back to life again.
"Is he who was dead and we have raised him unto life, and set for him a light wherein he walketh among men, as him whose similitude is in utter darkness whence he cannot emerge?” [Qur'aan 6:123]
In order to solve the problem of man once for all, it was necessary to root out paganism so completely that no trace of it was left in his heart, and to plant the sapling if monotheism so deeply that it should be difficult to conceive of a more secure foundation.
It meant to create a penchant for seeking the pleasure of God and humbling oneself before Him, to bring into existence the longing to serve humanity, to generate the will to keep always to the right path and to sow the seeds of that moral courage which restrains all evil passions and desires. The whole problem, in a nutshell, was how to rescue humanity, then too willing to commit suicide, from the misery of this world as well as of the next. It was an endeavor which makes a beginning in the form of a virtuous life, like that of an elect and godly soul, and then leads on to the paradise promised by God to those who are God-fearing and just.
The advent of the Prophet (r) was thus the greatest Divine blessing on mankind; that is why it has been so elegantly clothed in words by the Writ of God.
"And remember Allah's favor unto you: how you were enemies and He made friendship between your hearts so that you became as brothers by His grace; and (how) you were upon the brink of an abyss of fire, and He did save you, from it." [Qur'aan 3:103]
No task more delicate and baffling and no charge more onerous and gigantic than that entrusted to Muhammed the Messenger of God (r), was imposed on any man since birth of man on this planet. And never has a man accomplished such a huge and lasting revolution as the Last Prophet (r) for he has guided millions of men of many nationalities to the path of justice, truth and virtue by putting a new life in the humanity at the throes of death in the sixth century. It was the greatest marvel of human history, the greatest miracle the world has ever witnessed. The well-known French poet and litterateur, Lamartine, bears witness to the grand accomplishment of the Prophet (r) Muhammed in a language of incomparable elegance and facility.
"Never has a man set for himself, voluntarily or involuntarily, a more sublime aim, since this aim was superhuman; to subvert superstitions which had been interposed between man and his Creator, to render God unto men end men unto God; to restore the rational and sacred idea of divinity amidst the chaos of the material and disfigured gods of idolatry, then existing. Never has a man undertaken a work so far beyond human power with so feeble means, for he had in the conception as well as in the execution of such a great design no other instrument than himself, and no other aid, except a handful of men living in a corner of the desert."
Lamartine goes on further to enumerate the achievements of the Great Prophet (r):
"...And more than that, he moved the altars, the gods, the religions, the ideas, the beliefs and the souls. On the basis of a Book, every letter of which has become Law, he created a spiritual nationality which blended together peoples of every tongue and of every race. He has left us as the indelible characteristic of this Muslim nationality, the hatred of false gods and the passion for the One and Immaterial God. This avenging patriotism against the profanation of Heaven formed the virtue of the followers of Muhammed; the conquest of one-third of the earth to his dogma was his miracle; or rather it was not the miracle of a man but that of reason. The idea of the Unity of God, proclaimed amidst the exhaustion of fabulous theogonies, was in itself such a miracle that upon its utterance from his lips it destroyed all the ancient temples of idols and set on fire one-third of the world."
This universal and enduring revolution whose objective was rejuvenation of humanity or rebuilding of the world anew, demanded a new Prophethood surpassing the Messengership of the old, for the new Prophet (r) had to hold aloft the banner of Divine guidance and righteousness for all times to come. God has Himself explained the reason for it:
"Those who disbelieve among the People of the Scripture and the idolaters could not have left off (erring) till the clear proof came unto them."
"A Messenger from Allah, reading purified pages containing correct scriptures." [Qur'aan 98:1-3]
Arabia
It was the will of God that the glorious sun of humanity's guidance, which was to illuminate the world without end, should rise from Arabia. For it was the darkest corner of this terrestrial globe, it needed the most radiant daystar to dispel the gloom setting on it.
God had chosen the Arabs as the standard bearers of Islam for propagating its message to the four corners of the world, since these guileless people were simple hearted, nothing was inscribed on the tablets of their mind and heart, nothing so deep engraver as to present any difficulty in sweeping the slate clean of every impression. The Romans and the Iranians and the Indians, instinctually thrilled by the glory of their ancient arts and literatures, philosophies, cultures and civilizations were all crushed by the heavy burden of the past, that is, a conditioned reflex of 'touch not-ism' had got itself indelibly etched in their minds. The imprints in the memory of the Arabs were lightly impressed merely because of their rawness and ignorance or rather their nomadic life, and thus these were liable to he obliterated easily and replaced by new inscriptions. They were, in modern phraseology, suffering from unpreceptiveness which could readily be remedied while other civilized nations, having vivid pictures of the past filled in their minds, were haunted by an obsessive irrationality which could never be dismissed from their thoughts.
The Arabs were frank and unassuming, practical and sober, industrious, venturesome and plain spoken. They were neither double-dealers nor liked to be caught in a trap. Like a people true souled, they were always outspoken and remained firm once they had taken a decision.
The Greeks, the Byzantines and the Iranians were peoples of a different mettle. Accustomed to improving the shining hour as a godsend opportunity, they lacked the grit to fight against injustice and brutality. No ideal, no principle was attractive enough for them: no conviction or call was sufficiently potent to tug at their heartstrings in a way that they could imperil their comfort and pleasure.
Unspoiled by the nicety, polish and ostentatiousness usually produced by the display of wealth and luxury of an advanced culture, the Arabs had not developed that fastidiousness which hardens the heart and ossifies the brain, allows no emotion to catch the flame and always acts as an inhibition when one's faith or conviction demands stirring of the blood. This is the listless apathy which is hardly ever erased from one's heart.
The common ignorance of the Arabs, exempted from the shame or reproach it involves, had helped to conserve the natural briskness and intellectual energy of these people. Being strangers to philosophies and sophistry, ratiocination and lame and impotent quibbling, they had preserved their soundness of mind, dispatch, resoluteness and fervidness of spirit.
The perpetual independence of Arabia from the yoke of invaders had made the Arabs free unacquainted with the pomp or majesty or haughty demeanor of the emperors. The servile temper of the ancient Persia had, contrarily, exalted the Sasanian monarchs to supernatural beings. If any king took a medicine or was given phlebotomy, a proclamation was made in the capital that all and sundry should suspend their trades and business on that day. If the king sneezed, nobody dared raise his voice to say grace, nor was anybody expected to say 'Amen' when the king sent up a prayer. The day any king paid a visit to any noble or chief was regarded an event so memorable that the elated family of the fortunate grandee instituted a new calendar from that day. It was an honor so singular that the grandee was exempted from payment of taxes for a fixed period besides enjoying other rewards, fiefs and robes of honor.
We can imagine what a state audience of the king must have been like for those who were allowed to appear before him. By etiquette, all the courtiers, even the highest nobles and dignitaries, were required to stand silently with their hands folded on the navel, and their heads bowed in reverence. Actually, this was the ceremonial etiquette prescribed for State audience during the reign of Chosroes I (531-579), known as Anushirvan (of the Immortal Soul) and 'Adil (the Just). One can very well visualize the pompous ceremonials in vogue during the reign of Sasanid kings justly reputed as tyrants and despots.
Freedom of speech and expression (and not censure or criticism, in the least) was a luxury never indulged in by anyone in the vast kingdom of the Sasanids. Christensen has related, on the authority of At-Tabari, a story about Chosroes I, passing under the name of 'The dust' among the Sasanid kings, which demonstrates the freedom of allowed by the Iranian kings and the price paid for the imprudence of speaking out the truth.
"He assembled his council and ordered the secretary for taxes to read aloud the new rates of collection. When the secretary had announced the rates, Chosroes I asked twice whether anyone had any objection to the new arrangement. Everybody remained silent but on the third time of asking, a man stood up and asked respectfully whether the king had meant to establish a tax for perpetuity on things perishable, which, as time went on, would lead to injustice. "Accursed and rash!" cried the King, "To what class do you belong?" "I am one of the secretaries", replied the mall "Then', ordered the king, "Beat him to death with pen cases". Thereupon every secretary started beating him with his pen case until the poor man died, and the beholders exclaimed: "O King, we find, all the taxes you have levied upon us, just and fair!' (Iran ba 'Ahad Sasaniyan, p.511)
The horrible condition of the depressed classes in the then India, who were condemned as untouchables by the social and religious laws promulgated by the Aryans, baffles all human understanding. Subjected to it gruesome indignity, this unfortunate class of human being was treated pretty much the same way as pet animals except that they resembled the species of man. According to this law, a Sudra who assaulted a Brahmin or attempted to do so, was to lose the limb with which the assault was made. The Sudra was forced to drink boiling oil if he made the pretentious claim of teaching somebody. (Manil Shahtra, 10 Chapter) The penalty for killing dogs, cats, frogs, chameleons, crows and owls was the same as that for killing the Sudras. (R.C. Dutt, Ancient India, Vol. III, pp. 324 qnd 343)
Unworthy treatment of their subjects by the Sasanian Emperors had not been the lot of the common man in Byzantium, but in their pride and policy to display the titles and attributes of their omnipotence, the Caesars of Rome had all the signs of their oriental counterparts.
Victor Chopart writes about the arbitrary rule and majesty of the Roman Emperors. "The Caesars were gods, but not by heredity and one who rose to power would become divine in his turn, and there was no mark by which he could be recognized in advance. The transmission of the title of Augustus was governed by no regular constitutional law; it was acquired by victory over rivals, and the Senate did no more than ratify the decision of arms. This ominous fact became apparent in the first century of the Principate, which was merely a continuance of the military dictatorship."
If we compare the servile submission of the common man of Byzantium and Persia with the spirit of freedom and pride, as well as the temperament and social conduct of the pre-Islamic Arabs, we would see the difference between the social life and natural propensities of the Arabs and other nations of the world.
"May you be safe from frailty", and "Wish you a happy morning", were some of the salutations very often used by the Arabs to hail their kings. So solicitous were they of preserving their dignity and pride, honor and freedom that many a time they even refused to satisfy the demands of their chiefs and rulers. A story preserved by Arab historians admirably describes the rudimentary Arab virtues of courage and outspokenness. An Arab king demanded a mare known as Sikab from its owner belonging to Bani Tamim. The man flatly refused the request and instantly indited a poem of which the opening lines were:
Sikab is a nice mare, good as gold,
Too precious it is to be gifted or sold.
And, in the concluding verse he said:
To grab it from me, make no effort,
For I am competent to balk your attempt.
There was yet another reason for the advent of the last Prophet (r) in Arabia and it was the Ka'ba, the House of God, built by Abraham and Ishmael as the center for worship of One God.
"Lo ! the first Sanctuary appointed for mankind was that at Becca , a blessed place, a guidance to the peoples." [Qur'aan 3:96]
There is a mention of the valley of Baca in the Old Testament. The old translators of the Bible gave this word the meaning of 'a valley of weeping', but better sense seems to have prevailed later on. According to more recent of the Biblical scholars, the word 'signifies rather any valley lacking water, and 'the Psalmist apparently has in mind a -particular valley whose natural condition led him to adopt that name. Now, this waterless valley, which can easily be identified with the valley of Makkah, has been thus mentioned in the Book of Psalms.
"Blessed art they that dwell in Your house; they will still be praising thee Selah. Blessed is the man whose strength is in thee; In whose heart are the ways of them. Who passing through the valley of Baca make it a well." [Psalm 84:4-6]
The birth of the Prophet Muhammed (r) in the city of Makkah was really an answer to the prayer sent up by Abraham and Ishmael while laying the foundation of Ka'ba.They had beseeched God in these words:
"Our Lord! And raise up unto them an Messenger from among them, who shall recite unto them Your revelations, and shall teach them the Book and wisdom, and shall cleanse them. Verily You! You art the Mighty, the Wise." [Qur'aan 2:129]
A standing norm of God Almighty is that He always answers the prayers of those who are pious and devoted and pure in heart. The Messengers of God occupy, without doubt, a higher place than the most devout and the godliest believers. All the earlier scriptures and prophecies bear witness to this fact. Even the Old Testament testifies that the supplication of Abraham in regard to Ishmael met the approval of the Lord. The Book of Genesis says:
"And as for Ish'ma-el, I have heard thee: Behold, I have blessed him, and will make him fruitful, and will multiply him exceedingly; twelve princes shall he beget, and I will make him a great nation." (Gen. 17:20)
That is why the Prophet (r) is reported to have said:
"I am the (result of the) prayer of Abraham and prophecy of Jesus". (Musnad Imam Ahmad)
The Old Testament still contains, notwithstanding its numerous recensions and alterations, the evidence that this prayer of Abraham was answered by God. Mark the very clear reference in the Book of Deuteronomy to the advent of a Prophet.
"The Lord Your God will raise up unto thee a Prophet from the midst of thee, of Your brethren, like unto me; unto him ye shall hearken." (Deut. 18:15)
Now, this being a prognosis by Moses, "Your brethren" clearly indicates that the Prophet (r) promised by God was to be raised from amongst the Ishmaelites who were the cousins of Israelites. God again reiterates His promise in the same Book:
"And the Lord said unto me, They have well spoken that which they have spoken. I will raise them up a Prophet from among their brethren, like unto thee, and will put my words in his mouth; and he shall speak unto them all that I shall command him". (Deut. 18:17-18)
The words 'put my words in his mouth' occurring in this oracle very clearly indicate the advent of the Prophet (r) who was to recite and deliver to his people the divine revelation exactly as he received them. This prediction has been substantiated by the Qur'aan also.
"Nor doth he speak of (his own) desire". [Qur'aan 53:3]
Again, the Qur'aan says about the revelation vouchsafed to the Prophet Muhammed (r):
“Falsehood cannot come at it from before it or behind it. It is! a revelation from the Wise, the Owner Praise.” [Qur'aan 41:42]
But, quite unlike the Qur'aan, both the Bible and its followers ascribe the authorship of the 'Books' included in the Bible to the 'ancient sages' and the 'great teachers' and never to the Divine Author Himself. Modern Biblical scholars have reached the conclusion that:
"Ancient Jewish traditions attributed the authorship of the Pentateuch (with the exceptions of the last eight verses describing Moses' death) to Moses himself. But the many inconsistencies and seeming contradictions contained in it attracted the attention of the Rabbis, who exercised their ingenuity in reconciling them." (Jewish Encyclopedia, Vol. IX, p.589)
As for the 'Books' forming part of the New Testament, they have never been treated, either literally or in their contents to be of Divine origin. These books really contain a biographical account and anecdotes of Jesus, as narrated by the later scribes, rather than a Book of revelation sent unto the Master.
We now come to the geographical position of Arabia, which, being connected by land and sea routes with the continents of Asia, Africa and Europe, occupied the most suitable place for being chosen as the center of enlightenment for radiating divine guidance and knowledge to the entire world. All the three continents had been cradles of great civilizations and powerful empires, while Arabia lay in the center through which passed the merchandise of all the countries , far and near, affording an opportunity to different nations and races for exchange of thoughts and ideas. Two great empires, Sasanid and Byzantine, on either side of the Arabian Peninsula, governed the history of the world. Both were large, rich and powerful, and both fought each other constantly; yet, Arabia jealously guarded her independence and never allowed either of the two powers to lay its hands on it, barring a few territories lying on its frontiers. Excepting a few peripheral tribes, the Arab of the desert was extremely sensitive to his regal dignity and untrammeled freedom, and he never allowed any despot to hold him in bondage. Such a country, unimpeded by political and social constraints, was ideally suited to become the nucleus of a Universal message preaching human equality, liberty and dignity.
For all these reasons God had selected Arabia, and the city of Makkah within it, for the advent of the Prophet (r) to whom divine Scripture was to be sent for the last time to pave the way for proclamation of peace throughout the length and breadth of the world from age to age.
"Allah knoweth best with whom to place His message." [Qur'aan 6:125]
Yet, in no part of the Peninsula was there any indication of an awakening or a vexation of spirit showing the sign of life left in the Arabs. There were scarcely a few Hanif, who could be counted on one's fingers, feeling their way towards monotheism but they were no more than the glowworms in a dark and chilly rainy night incapable of showing the path of righteousness to anybody or providing warmth to one being frozen to death.
This was an era of darkness and depression in the history of Arabia—a period of darkest gloom when the country had reached the rock-bottom of its putrefied decadence, leaving no hope of any reform or improvement. The shape of things in Arabia presented a task far more formidable and baffling than ever faced by any Messenger of God.
Sir William Muir, a biographer of the Prophet (r), who is ever willing to find fault with the Prophet (r) and cast derision upon him, has vividly depicted the state of affairs in Arabia before the birth of Muhammed which discredits the view held by certain European orientalists that Arabia was fermenting for a change and looking forward to a man of genius who could respond to it better than any other. Says Sir William Muir:
"During the youth of Mahomet, this aspect of the Peninsula was strongly conservative; perhaps it was never at any period more hopeless."
Reviewing the feeble stir created by Christianity and Judaism in the dark and deep ocean of Arabian paganism, Sir William Muir remarks;
"In fine, viewed thus in a religious aspect the surface of Arabia had been now and then gently rippled by the feeble efforts of Christianity; the sterner influence of Judaism had been occasionally visible in the deeper and more troubled currents; but the tide of indigenous idolatry and of Ishmaelite superstition, setting from every quarter with an unbroken and unebbing surge towards the Ka’ba, gave ample evidence that the faith and worship of Makkah held the Arab mind in a thralldom, rigorous and undisputed."
R. Bosworth Smith is another European biographer of the Prophet (r) who has also reached the same conclusion.
"One of the most philosophical of historians has remarked that of all the revolutions which have had a permanent influence upon the civil history of mankind, none could so little be anticipated by human prudence as that effected by the religion of Arabia. And at first sight it must be confessed that the science of History, if indeed there be such a science, is at a loss to find the sequence of cause and effect which it is the object and the test of all history, which is worthy of the name, to trace it."
The Arabian Peninsula
Arabia is the largest peninsula in the world. The Arabs call it 'Jaziratul-Arab' which means the "Island of Arabia", although it is not an island, being surrounded by water on three sides only. Lying in the south-west of Asia, the Arabian Gulf is to its east, which was known to the Greeks as Persian Gulf; the Indian Ocean marks the southern limits; and to its west is Red Sea which was called Sinus Arabicus or Arabian Gulf by the Greeks and Latins and Bahr Qulzum by the ancient Arabs. The northern boundry is not well-defined, but may be considered an imaginary line drawn due east from the head of the Gulf of al-'Aqabah in the Red Sea to the mouth of the Euphrates.
Arab geographers have divided the country into five regions:
(1) Hijaz extends from Aila (al-'Aqabah) to Yemen and has been so named because the range of mountains running parallel to the western coast separates the low coastal belt of Tihama from Najd
(2) Tihama inside the inkier range is a plateau extending to the foothills
(3) Yemen, south of Hijaz, occupies the south-west corner of Arabia
(4) Najd, the north central plateau, extends from the mountain ranges of Hijaz in the west to the deserts of Bahrain in the east and encompasses a number of deserts and mountain ranges
(5) 'Aruz which is bounded by Bahrain to its east and Hijaz to its west. Lying between Yemen and Najd it was also known as Yamamah.
THE LAND AND ITS PEOPLE
One of the driest and hottest countries of the world, ninety percent of Arabia is made up of barren desert. The geological and physical features of the land along with its climatic conditions have kept its population, in the days gone by and also in the present time, to the minimum and hindered the flowering of large civilizations and empires. The nomadic life of the desert tribes, rugged individualism of the people and unrestrained tribal warfare have tended to limit the settled population to the areas where there is abundance of rainfall or water is available on the surface of land in the shape of springs or ponds or is found nearer the surface of the earth. The Bedouins dig deep wells in the ground. The way of life in Arabia is, so to say, dictated by the availability of water; nomadic tribes continually move about in the desert in search of water. Wherever verdant land is found, the tribes go seeking pastures but they are never bound to the land like the tillers of the soil. They stay over a pasture or oasis so long as they can graze their flocks of sheep, goats and camels and then break up their camps to search out new pastures.
Life in the desert was hard and filled with danger. The Bedouin felt bound to the family and to the clan, on which depended his existence in the arid desert; loyalty to the tribe meant for him the same life-long alliance as others feel for the nation and state. His life was unstable and vagrant; like the desert, he knew not ease nor comfort; and understood only the language of power, of might. The Bedouin knew no moral code— no legal or religious sanction—nothing save the traditional sentiment of his own and the tribe's honor. In short, it was a life that always brought about hardship and trouble for him and sowed the seeds of danger for the neighboring sedentary populations.
The desert tribes of Arabia were engaged in endless strife amongst themselves and made incursions into the settled lands around them. At the same time, the Arabs displayed a boundless loyalty to their tribes and traditions, were magnanimously hospitable, honored the treaties, were faithful friends and dutifully met the obligations of tribal customs. All these traits of the Arab character are amply illustrated by their forceful and elegant literature, both in prose and poetry, proverbs, metaphors, simile and fables.
CULTURAL CENTERS
In places where there were sufficient periodic rains or water was available in wells or springs settlements used to spring up or the nomads came together during seasonal fairs and festivals. While such get-togethers exerted a civilizing influence on the life of the Bedouins, the agricultural settlements reflected their specific characteristics depending on climatic conditions and economic and occupational features of the sedentary populations. Accordingly, Makkah had a peculiar cultural development as had other settlements like Yathrib and Hira their own distinguishing cultural features. Yemen was culturally the most developed region in the country owing to its long history and political developments in the recent past. Because of its suitable climate, Yemen had made rapid strides in cultivation of cereals, animal husbandry, quarry of minerals and construction of forts and palaces. It had commercial relations with Iraq, Syria and Africa and imported different commodities needed by it.
ETHNIC DIVISIONS
Arab historians as well as old traditions of the land hold that the people of Arabia can be categorized in three broad divisions. The first of these were the 'Arab Ba'idah (extinct Arabs) who populated the country but ceased to exist before the advent of Islam. The next were the 'Arab 'Ar’ibah (Arabian Arabs) or Banu Qahtan who replaced the 'Arab Ba'idah and the third were the 'Arab Must'arabah (Arabicized Arabs) or the progeny of Ishmael which settled in Hijaz. The line of demarcation drawn according to racial division of the Arab stock makes a distinction between those descending from Qahtan and 'Adnan; the former are held to be Yemenites or southern Arabs while the latter had settled in Hijaz. Arab genealogists further divide the 'Adnan into two sub-groups which they term as Rabi'a and Mudar. There had been a marked rivalry from the distant past between the Qahtan and the 'Adnan just as the Rabi'a and the Mudar had been hostile to each other. However, the historians trace the origin of the Qahtan to a remoter past from which the 'Adnan branched off at a later time and learned Arabic vernacular from the former. It is held that the 'Adnan were the offspring of Ishmael (Isma'il) who settled in Hijaz after naturalization.
Arab genealogists give great weight to these racial classifications which also find a confirmation in the attitude of Iranians in the olden times. The Iranian general Rustam had admonished his courtiers who had derided Mughira b. Shu'ba and looked down upon him for having presented himself as the envoy of Muslims in tattered clothes, Rustam had then said to his counselors: "You are all fools....The Arabs give little importance to their dress and food but are vigilant about their lineage and family."
LINGUISTIC UNITY
Multiplicity of dialects and languages should not have been at all surprising in a country so big as Arabia (actually, equal to a sub-continent), divided into north and south, not only by the trackless desert, but also by the rivalry of kindred races and clanish patriotism of a passionate, chauvinistic type, affording but little opportunity for intermixing and unification of the country's population. The tribes living in the frontier regions close to Iranian and Byzantine empires were, quite naturally, open to influences of alien elements. All these factors have given birth to numerous languages in Europe and the Indian subcontinent. In India alone, fifteen languages have been officially recognized by the Constitution of India while there are still people who have to speak in an official language other than their own mother tongue or take recourse to English for being understood by others.
But, the Arabian Peninsula has had, despite its vastness and proliferation of tribes, a common language ever since the rise of Islam. Arabic has been the common lingua franca of the Bedouins living in the deserts as well as of the sedentary and cultured populations like the Qahtan and 'Adnan. Some local variations in the dialects of various regions arising from differences of tones and accents, wide distances and diversity of physical and geographical conditions could not be helped, yet there has always been a linguistic uniformity which has made the Qur'an intelligible to all. It has also been helpful in the rapid diffusion of Islam to the far-flung tribes of Arabia.
ARABIA IN ANCIENT HISTORY
Archaeological excavations show existence of human habitation in Arabia during the earliest period of Stone Age. These earliest remains pertain to Chellean period of Paleolithic epoch. The people of Arabia mentioned in the Old Testament throw light on the relations between the Arabs and ancient Hebrews between 750 to 200 B.C. Similarly, Talmud also refers to the Arabs. Josephus (37—100 B.C.) gives some valuable historical and geographical details about the Arabs and Nabataeans. There are many more Greek and Latin writings of pre-Islamic era, enumerating the tribes living in the Peninsula and giving their geographical locations and historical details, which, notwithstanding the mistakes and inconsistencies in them, are inestimable sources of information about ancient Arabia. Alexandria was also one of those important commercial centers of antiquity which had taken a keen interest in collecting data about Arabia, its people and the commodities produced in that country for commercial purposes.
The classical writers first to mention the Arabians in the Greek literature were Aeschylus (525-465 B. C.) and Herodotus (484-425 B. C.). Several other writers of the classical period have left an account of Arabia and its inhabitants, of these, Claudius Ptolemaeus of Alexandria was an eminent geographer of the second century, whose Almagest occupied an important place in the curriculum of Arabic schools. Christian sources also contain considerable details about Arabia during the pre-Islamic and early Islamic era although these were primarily written to describe Christianity and its missionary activities in that country.
The numerous references made to the 'Ereb' in the Old Testament are synonymous with the nomadic tribes of Arabia since the word means desert in Semitic and the characteristics of the people described therein apply to the Bedouins. Similarly, the Arabs mentioned in the writings of the Greeks and Romans as well as in the New Testament were Bedouins who used to make plundering raids on the frontier towns of Roman and Byzantine empires, despoiled the caravans and imposed extortionate charges on the traders and wayfarers passing through their territories. Diodorus Siculus, a classical writer of Sicily in the second half of the first century B.C., affirms that the Arabians are "Self reliant and independence-loving, like to live in the open desert and highly prize and value their liberty." The Greek historian Herodotus (484-425 B. C.) also makes a similar remark about them. "They revolt against every power," he says, "which seeks to control their freedom or demean them." The passionate attachment of the Arabs to their personal freedom had been admired by almost all the Greek and Latin writers.
The acquaintance of the Arabs with the Indians and their commercial and cultural relations which India began in the days much before the advent of Islam and their conquest of India. Modern researches on the subject show that of all the Asiatic countries, India was closest to, Arabia and well-acquainted with it.
EARLIER REVEALED RELIGIONS IN ARABIA
Arabia had been the birth-place of several Prophets of God (u) in the bygone times. The Qur'aan says:
"And make mention (O Muhammed) of the brother of A'ad when he warned his folk among the wind-curved sandhills—and verily warners came and went before and after him—saying: Serve none but Allah. Lo! I fear for you the doom of a tremendous Day. [Qur'aan 46:21]
Prophet Hud (u) was sent to the A'ad; a people, according to historians, belonging to the 'Arab Ba'idah who lived in a tract of white or reddish sand blown into hill banks or dunes and covering a vast area to the south-west of al-Rub'e al-Khali (the vacant quarter) near Hadramaut. This region has no habitation and is void of the breath of life, but it was a verdant land in the ancient times, with flourishing towns inhabited by a people of gigantic strength and stature. The whole area was consumed by a fearful and roaring wind which covered it with sand dunes.
The Qur'aanic verse quoted above shows that the Prophet Hud (u) was not the only Messenger of God sent to the ancient Arabs of this area as many more 'warners came and went before him'.
Salih (u) was another Arabian Prophet sent to the people called Thamud who lived in al-Hijr situated between Tabuk and Hijaz. Prophet Isma'il (u) was brought up in Makkah, and he died in the same city. If we extend the frontiers of the Arabian Peninsula northwards to include Midian on the borders of Syria, Prophet Shu'aib (u) would also be reckoned as an Arabian Prophet (r). The historian Abul Fida says that Midianites were Arabs, living in Midian near Ma'an, which is adjacent to the Sea of Lut (Dead Sea) in Syria on the frontier of Hijaz. The Midianites flourished after the downfall of the people of Lut.
Ancient Arabia had been the cradle of many a civilized and flourishing people to whom God had sent His Prophets. But all of them were either destroyed because of their evil ways or became strangers in their own homeland, or were forced to seek new homes. The Prophets of God born in the lands far away had sometimes to seek refuge in Arabia from the despotic kings of their lands. Ibrahim (Abraham) (u) had migrated to Makkah and Moses (u) had to flee to Midian. Followers of other religions, too, had to seek shelter in Arabia. The Jews, when persecuted by the Romans, had settled in Yemen and Yathrib while several Christian sects harassed by the Byzantine Emperors had migrated to Najran.
Isma'il in Makkah
The patriarch Ibrahim (Abraham) u, came down to the valley of Makkah surrounded by mountains, naked rocks and bare and rugged crags. Nothing to sustain life, neither water nor verdure, nor food grains, was to be found there. He had with him his wife Hajjar (Hagar) and their son Isma'il (Ishmael) u. Ibrahim (u) had wandered through the deserts of Arabia in order to move away from the wide-spread heathen cult of idol-worship and to set up a centre for paying homage to the One and Only God where he could invite others to bow down before the Lord of the world. He wanted to lay the foundation of a lighthouse of guidance, a sanctuary of peace which should become the radiating centre of true monotheism, faith and righteousness!
God blessed the sincerity of Ibrahim (u) and the dry valley of this wild country. Ibrahim (u) had left his wife and his infant son in this inhospitable territory. Here, in the midst of rugged hills, the Master of all the worlds manifested His grace by causing water to issue forth from the earth which is called the well of Zamzam to this day.
When Isma'il (u) was a few years old, Ibrahim (u) went to visit his family in Makkah. Ibrahim (u) now made up his mind to sacrifice Isma'il for the sake of God, for the Lord had commanded him in a dream: 'Offer up Your son Isma'il'. Obedient to the Lord as he was, Isma’il at once agreed to have his throat cut by his father. But, God saved Isma’il, and instituted the 'day of great sacrifice', in order to commemorate the event for all times, since, he was destined to help Ibrahim (u) in his mission and become the progenitor of the last Prophet (r) as well as of the nation charged to disseminate the message of God and to struggle for it to the end of time.
Ibrahim (u) came back to Makkah again and assisted by his son Isma'il (u), built the House of God. While the father and the son occupied themselves in the work, they also beseeched God to confer His grace; cause them to live as well as die in Islam; and help their progeny to keep a watch over their patrimony of monotheism, not only by protecting their mission against every risk or peril but also by becoming its standard-bearers and preachers, braving every danger and sacrificing everything for its sake until their call reached the farthest corner of the world. They also supplicated God to raise up a Prophet amongst their offsprings, who should renovate and revive the summons of Ibrahim (u) and bring to completion the task initiated by him.
"And when Ibrahim and Ismael were raising the foundations of the House, (Abraham prayed); Our Lord! Accept from us (this duty). Lo ! You, only You, art the Hearer, the Knower.
"Our Lord ! and make us submissive unto You and of our seed a nation submissive unto You, and show us our ways of worship, and relent toward us. Lo! You,' only You, are the Relenting, the Merciful.
"Our Lord! And raise up in their midst a messenger from among them who shall recite unto them Your revelations, and shall instruct them in the Scripture and in wisdom and shall make them grow. Lo! You, only You, are the Mighty, the Wise." [Qur'aan 2:127-29]
The prayer sent up by Ibrahim (u) included the request that the House he was constructing might become a sanctuary of peace and God might keep his progeny away from idol worship. Ibrahim held nothing more in abomination than idolatrousness, nor deemed anything more fraught with danger for his progeny, for he knew the fate of earlier idolatrous nations. He was aware how the great Prophets of God had earlier struggled and fought this evil throughout their lives, but in no long time after their departure from the world their people were again misled into fetishism by devil's advocates disguised as promoters of faith.
Ibrahim (u) had implored the Lord to bless his descendants with his own spirit of struggle against the evil of pantheism and iconolatry. He wanted his heirs to carry into their thoughts how he had to strive all his life for the sake of Truth and Faith; how he had to bid farewell to his hearth and home; realize why he had incurred the wrath of his idolatrous father; and appreciate the wisdom behind his making a selection of that valley, unbelievably bare with no scrap of soil, sheer from top to bottom and jagged and sharp for their habitation. He wanted them to understand why he had preferred that wilderness, holding no prospects of progress and civilization, over verdant lands and flourishing towns and centers of trade, arts and commerce where one could easily meet one's wishes.
Ibrahim had invoked the blessings of God on his sons so that they might be esteemed and adored by all the nations of the world; that the people of every nation and country might become attached to his children; that they should come from every nook and corner of the world to pay homage to his posterity and thus become a means of satisfying their needs in that barren country. Allah says:
"And when Ibrahim said: My Lord! Make safe this territory, and preserve me and my sons from serving idols.
"My Lord! Lo! They have led many of mankind astray. But whoso followeth me, he verily is of me. And whoso disobeyeth me still You art Forgiving, Merciful. "Our Lord! Lo! I have settled some of my posterity in an uncultivable valley near unto Your holy House, our Lord! that they may establish proper worship; so incline some hearts of men that they may yearn toward them, and provide You them with fruits in order that they may be thankful." [Qur'aan 14:35-37]
Quraish
God answered each and every prayer sent up by Ibrahim and Isma'il (u). The descendants of Isma'il multiplied exceedingly, so that the barren valley overflowed with the progeny of Ibrahim (u). Isma'il (u) took for his wife a girl of the tribe of Jurhum, a clan belonging to the 'Arab 'Aribah. In the lineal descendants of Isma’il, 'Adnan was born whose lineage was universally recognised as the most worthy and noble among them. The Arabs being too particular about the purity of race and blood have always treasured the genealogy of 'Adnan's progeny in the store house of their memory.
'Adnan had many sons of whom Ma'add was the most prominent. Among the sons of Ma'add, Mudar was more distinguished; then Fihr b. Malik in the lineage of Mudar achieved eminence; and finally the descendants of Fihr b. Malik b. Mudar came to be known as Quraysh. Thus came into existence the clan of Quraysh, the nobility of Makkah, whose lineage and exalted position among the tribes of Arabia as well as whose virtues of oratory and eloquence, civility, gallantry and high mindedness were unanimously accepted by all. The recognition accorded to the Quraysh without a dissentient voice throughout the Peninsula became, in due course of time, a genuine article of faith to the people of Arabia.
QUSAYY BIN KILAB
Qusayy Bin Kilab was born in the direct line of Fihr but the hegemony of Makkah had, by that time, passed on from Jurhum's clansmen to the hands of the Khuza'ites. Qusayy b. Kilab recovered the administration of the Ka'bah and the town through his organizing capacity and superior qualities of head and heart. The Quraysh strengthened the hands of Qusayy b. Kilab in dislodging the Khuza'ites from the position of leadership usurped by them. Qusayy was now master of the town, loved and respected by all. He held the keys of the Ka'bah and the rights to water the pilgrims from the well of Zamzam, to feed the pilgrims, to preside at assemblies and to hand out war banners. In his hands lay all the dignities of Makkah and nobody entered the Ka'bah until he opened it for him. Such was his authority his Makkah during his lifetime that no affair of the Quraysh was decided but by him, and his decisions were followed like a religious law which could not be infringed.
After the death of Qusayy his sons assumed his authority but 'Abdu Munaf amongst them was more illustrious. His eldest son, Hashim b. 'Abdu Munaf conducted the feeding and watering of the pilgrims, and, after his death the authority passed on to 'Abdul Muttalib, the grandfather of the Prophet (r). His people held him in the highest esteem and such was the popularity gained by him, so they say, as was never enjoyed by anybody amongst his ancestors.
The progeny of Hashim, who now filled the stage and assumed a commanding position among the Quraysh, was like a stream of light in the darkness of Arabia. The sketches of Bani Hashim preserved by the historians and genealogists, although fewer in number, eloquently speak of the nobility of their character and moderation of their disposition, the reverence they paid to the House of God, their sovereign contempt for the things unjust and uneven, their devotion to fair-play and justice, their willingness to help the poor and the oppressed, their magnanimity of heart, their velour and horsemanship, in short, of every virtue admired by the Arabs of the pagan past. Bani Hashim, however, shared the faith of their contemporaries which had beclouded the light of their soul; but despite this failing, they had to have all this goodness as the forefathers of the great Prophet (r) who was to inherit their ennobling qualities and to, illustrate them by his own shining example for the guidance of the entire human race.
MAKKAH IN PAGANISM
The Quraysh continued to glorify the Lord of the worlds, from whom all blessings flow, like their forefathers Ibrahim and Isma’il (u) until 'Amr b. Luhayy became the chief of Khuza'ites. He was the first to deviate from the religion of Isma'il; he set up idols in Makkah and bade the people to worship and venerate them, he instituted the custom of sa’iba which were to be held in reverence. 'Amr b. Luhayy also modified the divine laws of permissible and impermissible. It is related that once 'Amr b. Luhayy went from Makkah to Syria on some business where he found the people worshipping idols. He was so impressed by the ways of the idol worshippers that he obtained a few idols from them, brought them back to Makkah and asked the people there to pay divine honors to them.
It might have been so, or, perhaps, on his way to Syria 'Amr b. Luhayy had happened to pass through Betra which was variously known to ancient historians and geographers as Petraea and Petra. It was the key city on the caravan route between Saba and the Mediterranean, located on an arid plateau three thousand feet high, to the south of what is today called Transjordan, as mentioned by the Greek and Roman historians. The city was founded by the Nabataeans, ethnically an Arab tribe, in the early part of the sixth century B. C. These people carried their merchandise to Egypt, Syria, valley of the Euphrates and to Rome. Most likely, they took the way to the valley of the Euphrates through Hijaz. The Nabataeans were an idolatrous people who made their deities of graven stones. Some historians hold the view that al-Lat, the famous deity of the Northern Hijaz during the pre-Islamic period, had been originally imported from Petra and was assigned an honored place among the local gods and goddess.
The above view finds a confirmation in the History of Syria by Philip K. Hitti who writes about the religion of Nabataean kingdoms:
"At the head of the pantheon stood Dushara (dhu-al-Shara, Dusara), a sun deity worshipped under the form of anobelisk or an unknown four-cornered black stone.... Associated with Dushara was Al-Lat, chief goddess of Arabia. Other Nabataean goddesses cited in the inscriptions were Manat and al-'Uzza, of Koranic fame, Hubal also figures in the inscriptions."
It is noteworthy that the above description relates to a period when idolatry had, in different forms and shapes, engulfed Arabia and the countries around it. Jesus Christ (u) and his disciples had not yet appeared on the scene who later on laboured to restrain its unbridled expansion. Judaism had already proved its incompetence to the task, since, being essentially a racial religion; it allowed none save the children of Bani Israel to join his faith to the creed of monotheism preached by it.
Another writer, De Lacy O'Leary, tracing the influences responsible for introduction of idol worship in the Arabian Peninsula sums up his findings in the "Arabia before Muhammed" in these words:
"It seems fairly safe therefore to understand that the use of images was an instance of Syro-Hellenistic culture which had come down the trade-route; it was a recent introduction in Makkah in the time of the Prophet (r) and was probably unknown to the Arab community at large."
Worship the idols was thus the popular creed of the people in the valley of the Euphrates and the lands to the east of Arabia. As the Arabians were bound, since times immemorial, by the ties of commerce with these countries, it is not unlikely that their cultural influence was responsible for grafting idol worship within the Arabian Peninsula. In his history of Ancient Iraq, Georges Roux says that during the third century B.C. and long thereafter idol-worship was very popular in Mesopotamia. Its every city, old or new, gave shelter to several foreign gods besides the local deities."
There are also reports which suggest that idol worship gradually; came into vogue among the Quraysh. In olden times, as some historians relate, when anybody went out on a long journey from Makkah he took a few stones from the enclosures of the sanctuary as a mark of grace with him. In due course of time, they started venerating the monoliths they admired most. The subsequent generations, not knowing the reason for holding such monoliths in esteem, started worshipping them like other pagan people of the surrounding countries. The Quraysh, however, remained attached to some of the older traditions like paying deference to the holy sanctuary, its circumambulation, and the greater and lesser pilgrimages: Hajj and 'Umra.
The gradual evolution of different religions showing substitution of means for the ends and the slow progression from suppositions to conclusions lend support to the view put forth by the historians about the beginning of idol worship among the Quraysh. The esteem and reverence in which even certain misguided Muslim sects come to hold the portraits and sepulchers of the saints and the way they sluggishly adopt this course possesses an incriminating evidence in support of the gradual evolution of idol worship. That is why the Islamic Shari'ah completely stalls all those tracks and alleys which lead to the undue veneration of personages, places and relics for they ultimately lead to ascribing partners to God.
THE BATTLE OF THE ELEPHANTS
It was during this period that a significant event, unparalleled in the history of Arabia, came to pass which portended something of vital importance likely to take place in the near future. It augured well for the Arabs, in general, and predicted a unique honor for the Ka'bah, never attained by any place of worship anywhere in the world. The incident afforded hope for expecting a great future for the Ka'bah—a future on which depended the destiny of religions or rather the entire humanity since it was soon to unfold itself in the shape of an eternal message of righteousness and peace.
AN IMPLICIT BELIEF OF THE QURAYSH
The Quraysh had always held the belief that the House of God had a special place of honor in the eyes of the Lord Who was Himself its protector and defender. The trust placed by the Quraysh in the inviolability of the Ka'bah is amply borne out by the conversation between Abraha and 'Abdul Muttalib. It so happened that Abraha seized two hundred camels belonging to 'Abdul Muttalib, who, then, called upon him and sought permission to see Abraha. Abraha treated 'Abdul Muttalib with the greatest respect and got off his throne and made him sit by his side. Asked to tell the purpose of his visit, 'Abdul Muttalib replied that he wanted the King to return his two hundred camels which the King had taken.
Abraha, taken by surprise, asked 'Abdul Muttalib, "Do you wish to talk about your two hundred camels taken by me, but you say nothing about the House on which depends your religion and the religion of your forefathers, which I have come to destroy?" 'Abdul Muttalib boldly replied "I am the owner of the camels and the House has an Owner Who will Himself defend it".
Abraha said again, "How can it be saved from me?"
"This is a matter between you and Him", replied 'Abdul Muttalib."(Ibn Hisham, Vol. I, pp.49-50)
Who could dare to do harm or cast a blighting glance at the House of God? Its protection was, in truth, the responsibility of God.
The episode, briefly, was that Abraha al-Ashram, who was the viceroy of Negus, the King of Abyssinia, in Yemen built an imposing cathedral in Sana'a and gave it the name of al-Qullays. He intended to divert the Arab's pilgrimage to this cathedral. Being a Christian, Abraha had found it intolerably offensive that the Ka'bah should remain the great national shrine, attracting crowds of pilgrims from almost every Arabian clan. He desired that his cathedral should replace Ka'bah as the most sacred chapel of Arabia.
This was, however, something inglorious for the Arabs. Veneration of the Ka'bah was a settled disposition with the Arabs: they neither equated any other place of worship with the Ka'bah nor they could have exchanged it with anything howsoever precious. The perturbation caused by the declared intentions of Abraha set them on fire. Some Kinanite dare-devils accepted the challenge and one of them defiled the cathedral by defecating in it. Now, this caused a serious tumult. Abraha was enraged and he swore that he would not take rest until he had destroyed the Ka'bah.
Abraha took the road to Makkah at the head of a strong force which included a large number of elephants. The Arabs had heard awesome stories about elephants. The news made them all confused and bewildered. Some of the Arab tribes even tried to obstruct the progress of Abraha's army, but they soon realised that it was beyond their power to measure swords with him. Now, hoping against hope, they left the matter to God putting their trust in Him to save the sacred sanctuary.
The Quraysh took to the hills and craggy gorges in order to save themselves from the excesses of Abraha's soldiers. 'Abdul Muttalib and a few other persons belonging to the Quraysh took hold of the door of the Ka'bah, praying and imploring God to help them against Abraha. On the other side, Abraha drew up his troops to enter the town and got his elephant 'Mahmud' ready for attack. On his way to the city, the elephant knelt down and did not get up in spite of severe beating. But when they made it face Yemen, it got up immediately and started off.
God then sent upon them flocks of birds, each carrying stones in its claws. Everyone who was hit by these stones died. The Abyssinians thereupon withdrew in fright by the way they had come, continually being hit by the stones and falling dead in their way. Abraha, too, was badly smitten, and when his soldiers tried to take him back, his limbs fell one by one, until he met a miserable end on reaching San'a (101). The incident finds a reference in the Qur'aan also.
"Hast You not seen how Your Lord dealt with the owners of the Elephant? Did He not bring their stratagem to naught, And send against them swarms of flying creatures, Which pelted them with stones of baked clay, And made them like green crops devoured (by cattle)?" [Qur'aan 105:1-5]
REPERCUSSIONS OF ABRAHA'S FAILURE
When God turned back the Abyssinians from Makkah, crushed and humbled, and inflicted His punishment upon them, the Arabs, naturally, looked up to the Quraysh in great respect. They said: "Verily, these are the people of God: God defeated their enemy—and they did not have even to fight the assailants." The esteem of the people for the Ka'bah naturally increased strengthening their conviction in its sanctity. (Ibn Hisham, Vol. 1, p.57)
It was undoubtedly a miracle; a sign of the advent of a Prophet (r) who was to cleanse the Ka'bah of its contamination of idols. It was an indication that the honour of the Ka'bah was to rise with the final dispensation to be brought by him. One could say that the incident foretold the advent of the great Prophet (r).
The Arabians attached too much importance, and rightly too, to this great event. They instituted a new calendar from the date of its occurrence. Accordingly, we find in their writings such references as that a certain event took place in the year of Elephant or that such and such persons were born in that year or that a certain incident came to pass so many years after the Year of Elephant. This year of miracle was 570 A.D.
The Metropolis
Historical records, collections of pre-Islamic poetry, and what is known of the habits, customs, norms and traditions of the Arabians show that the people of Makkah had already been drawn into the stream of urban culture from their earlier rural, nomadic existence.
The Qur'aan describes the city as 'the Mother of towns'.
"And thus we have inspired in thee a Lecture in Arabic, that You may warn the mother-town and those around it, and may warn of a day of assembling whereof there is no doubt. A host will be in the Garden and a host of them in the Flame". [Qur'aan 42:7]
At another place Makkah is designated as the 'land made safe'.
"By the fig and the olive, by Mount Sinai, and by this land made safe". [Qur'aan 95:1-3]
The Qur'aan also calls it a city.
"Nay I swear by this city— And You art an indeweller of this city". [Qur'aan 90:1-2]
Makkah had long passed from nomadic barbarism to the stage of urban civilization by the middle of the fifth century. The city was ruled by a confederacy based on mutual cooperation, unity of purpose and a general consensus on the division of administrative and civil functions between self governing clans, and this system had already been brought into existence by Qusayy b. Kilab. Prophet Muhammed (r) being fifth in the line of succession to Qusayy b. Kilab, the latter can be placed in the middle of the fifth century.
Makkah, thinly populated in the beginning, was located between the two hills called Jabl Abu Qubays (adjacent to Mount Safa) and Jabl Ahmar, known as 'Araf during the pre-lslamic days, opposite the valley of Quaqiq'an. The population of the town increased gradually owing partly to the reverence paid to the Ka'bah and the regardful position of its priests and attendants, and partly because of the peace prevailing in the vicinity of the sanctuary. The tents and shacks had given place to houses made of mud and stones and the habitation had spread over the hillocks and low-lying valleys around the Ka'bah. At the outset the people living in Makkah abstained from constructing even their housetops in a rectangular shape like the Ka'bah since they considered it to be a sign of disrespect to the House of God, but gradually the ideas changed; still, they kept the height of their houses lower than that of that Ka'bah. As related by certain persons, the houses were initially made in a circular shape as a mark of respect to the Ka'bah. The first rectangular house, reported to have been built by Humaid Bin Zuhair, was looked upon with disfavor by the Quraysh.
The chiefs and other well-to-do persons among the Quraysh usually built their houses of stones and had many rooms in them, with two doors on the opposite sides, so that the womenfolk did not feel inconvenience in the presence of guests.
RECONSTRUCTION OF MAKKAH
Qusayy b. Kilab had played a leading role in the reconstruction and expansion of Makkah. The Quraysh who had been dispersed over a wide area, were brought together by him in the valley of Makkah. He allocated areas for settlement of different families and encouraged them to construct their houses in the specified localities. The successors of Qusayy continued to consolidate the living quarters and to allocate spare lands to new families coming into Makkah. The process continued peacefully for a long time with the result that the habitations of the Quraysh and their confederate clans grew up making Makkah a flourishing city.
THE CITY STATE
Qusayy b. Kilab and his had assumed a commanding position over the city and its inhabitants. They were the custodians of the Ka'bah, had the privilege of Saqayah or watering the pilgrims and arranging the annual feast, presided over the meetings of the House of Assembly (Dar-al-Nadwa) and handed out war banners.
Qusayy b. Kilab had built the House of Assembly close to the Ka'bah with one of its doors leading to the sanctuary. It was used both as a living quarter by Qusayy and the rendezvous for discussing all matters of common weal by the Quraysh. No man or woman got married, no discussion on any important matter was held, no declaration of war was made and no sheet of cloth was cast on the head (104) of any girl reaching marriageable age except in this house. Qusayy's authority during his life and after his death was deemed sacrosanct like religious injunctions which could not be violated by anybody. The meetings of the House of Assembly could be attended only by the Quraysh and their confederate tribesmen, that is, those belonging to Hashim, Umayya, Makhzum, Jomah, Sahm, Taym, 'Adiy, Asad, Naufal and Zuhra, whatever be their age, while people of other tribes not below the age of forty years were allowed to participate in its meetings.
After the death of Qusayy, the offices held by him were divided between different families. Banu Hashim were given the right of watering the pilgrims; the standard of Quraysh called 'Aqab (Lit. Eagle) went to Banu Umayya; Bani Naufal were allocated Rifada; Banu 'Abdul-Dar were assigned priesthood, wardenship of the Ka'bah and the standard of war; and Banu Asad held the charge of the House of Assembly. These families of the Quraysh used to entrust these responsibilities to the notable persons belonging to their families.
Thus, Abu Bakr (t), who came from Banu Taym, was responsible for realizing blood-money, fines and gratuity; Khalid (t) of Banu Makhzum held charge of the apparatus of war kept in a tent during the peace-time and on the horseback during battles; 'Umar b. al-Khattab (t) was sent as the envoy of Quraysh to other tribes with whom they intended to measure swords or where a tribe bragging of its superiority wanted the issue to be decided by a duel; Safwan b. Umaayah of Bani Jomah played at the dice which was deemed essential before undertaking any important task; and, Harith b. Qays was liable to perform all administrative business besides being the custodian of offerings to the idols kept in the Ka'bah. The duties allocated to these persons were hereditary offices held earlier by their forefathers.
COMMERCIAL OPERATIONS
The Quraysh of Makkah used to fit out two commercial Caravans, one to Syria during the summer and the other to Yemen during the winter season. The four months of Hajj, that is, Rajab, Dhul-Q'ada, Dhul-Hijjah and Muharram, were deemed sacred when it was not lawful to engage in hostilities. During these months the precincts of the Holy Temple and the open place besides it were utilized as a trade centre to which people from distant places came for transacting business. All the necessaries required by the Arabs were easily available in this market of Makkah. The stores for the sale of various commodities, located in different lanes and byways, mentioned by the historians, tend to show the economic and cultural growth of Makkah. The vendors of attars had their stalls in a separate bylane and so were the shops of fruit-sellers, barbers, grocers, fresh dates and other wares and trades localized in different alleys. A number of these markets were spacious enough, as, for example, the market set apart for food-grains was well-stocked with wheat, ghee (clarified butter), honey and similar other commodities. All these articles were brought by trading caravans. To cite an instance, wheat was brought to Makkah from Yamama. Similarly, cloth and shoe stores had separate quarters allocated to them in the market.
Makkah had also a few meeting places where carefree young men used to come together for diversion and pastime. Those who were prosperous and accustomed to live high, spent the winter in Makkah and the summer in Ta'if. There were even some smart young men known for their costly and trim dresses costing several hundred dirhams.
Makkah was the centre of a lucrative trade transacting business on a large scale. Its merchants convoyed caravans to different countries in Asia and Africa and imported almost everything of necessity and costly wares marketable in Arabia. They usually brought resin, ivory, gold and ebony from Africa; hide, incense, frankincense, spices, sandal-wood and saffron from Yemen; different oils and food-grains, amour, silk and wines from Egypt and Syria; cloth from Iraq: and gold, tin, precious stones and ivory from India. The wealYour merchants of Makkah sometimes presented the products of their city, of which the most valued were leather products, to the kings and nobles of other countries. When the Quraysh sent 'Abdullah b. Abu Rabl'a and 'Amr b. al-'As to Abyssinia to bring back the Muslim fugitives, they sent with them leather goods of Makkah as gifts to Negus and his generals.
Women also took part in commercial undertakings and fitted out their own caravans bound for Syria and other countries. Khadija bint Khuwaylid and Hanzaliya, mother of Abu Jahl, were two merchant women of dignity and wealth. The following verse of the Qur'an attests the freedom of women to ply a trade.
"Unto men a fortune from that which they have earned, and unto women a fortune from that which they have earned." [Qur'aan 4:32]
Like other advanced nations of the then world, the commercially minded citizens of Makkah had based their economy on commerce for which they sent out caravans in different directions, organized stock markets and created favorable conditions in the home market for the visiting tourists and traders. This helped to increase fame and dignity of Makkah as a religious centre and contributed in no mean measure to the prosperity of the city. Everything required by the people of Makkah, whether a necessity or a luxury, reached their hands because of the city's commercial importance. This fact finds a reference in these verses of the Qur'aan:
"So let them worship the Lord of this House, Who hath fed them against hunger, And hath made them safe from fear" [Qur'aan 106:3-5]
ECONOMIC CONDITIONS, WEIGHTS AND MEASURES
Makkah was thus the chief centre of business in Arabia and its citizens were prosperous and wealthy. The caravan of the Quraysh, involved in the battle of Badr while returning from Syria, consisted of a thousand camels and carried merchandise worth 50,000 dinars.
Both Byzantine and Sasanian currencies, known as dirham and dinar, were in general use in Makkah and other parts of the Peninsula. Dirham was of two kinds: one of it was an Iranian coin known to the Arabs bagliyah and sauda’-I-damiyah, and the other was a Byzantine coin (Greek-drachme) which was called tabriyah and bazantiniyah. These were silver coins and therefore instead of using them as units of coinage, the Arabs reckoned their values according to their weights. The standard weight of dirham, according to the doctors of lslamic Shari'ah, is equal to fifty-five grains of barley and ten dirhams are equivalent in weight to seven mithqals of gold. One mithqal of pure gold is, however, according to Ibn Khaldun, equal to the weight of seventy-two grains of barley. Doctors of law unanimously agree with the weight given by Ibn Khaldun.
The coins in current use during the time of the Prophet (r) were generally silver coins. 'Ata states that the coins in general use during the period were not gold but silver coins. (Ibn Abi Sha'iba, Vol. 3, p.222)
Dinar was a gold coin familiar to the Arabs as the Roman (Byzantine) coin in circulation in Syria and Hijaz during the pre-Islamic and early Islamic period. It was minted in Byzantium with the image and name of the Emperor impressed on it as stated by Ibn 'Abd-ul-Bar in the Al-Tamhid. Old Arabic manuscripts mention the Latin denarius aureus as the Byzantine coin (synonymous with the post-Constantine sol dus) which is stated to be the name of a coin still a unit of currency in Yugoslavia. The New Testament, too, mentions denarius at several places. Dinar was considered to have the average weight of one mithqal, which, as stated above, was equivalent to seventy-two grains of barley. It is generally believed that the weight standard of the dinar was maintained from the pre-Islamic days down to the 4th century of the Hijrah. Da'iratul Ma'arif Islamiyah says that the Byzantine denarius weighed 425 grams and hence, according to the Orientalist Zambawar, the mithqal of Makkah was also of 425 grams. The ratio of weight between dirham and dinar was 7:lO and the former weighed seven-tenths of a mithqal.
The par value of the dinar, deduced from the hadeeth, fiqah and historical literature, was equivalent to ten dirhams. 'Amr b. Shuyeb, as quoted in the Sunan Abu Dawud, relates: "The blood money during the time of the Prophet (r) was 800 dinars or 8,000 dirhams, which was followed by the companions of the Prophet (y), until the entire Muslim community unanimously agreed to retain it." The authentic ahadeeth fix the nisab or the amount of property upon which Zakat is due, in terms of dirham, at 20 dinars. This rule upheld by a consensus of the doctors of law goes to show that during the earlier period of Islamic era and even before it, a dinar was deemed to have a par value of ten dirhams or other coins equivalent to them.
Imam Malik says in the Muwatta that 'the accepted rule, without any difference of opinion, is that zakat is due on 20 dinars or 200 dirhams'. The weights and measures in general use in those days were Saa', mudd, ratal, ooqiyah and mithqal to which a few more were added latter on. The Arabs also possessed knowledge of arithmetic, for, it is evident, that the Qur'aan had relied on their ability to compute the shares of the legatees in promulgating the Islamic law of inheritance.
PROSPEROUS FAMILIES OF QURAYSH
Bani Umayya and Bani Makhzum were the two prominent families of the Quraysh favored by the stroke of luck. Walid b. al-Mughira, 'Abdul 'Uzza (Abu Lahab), Abu Uhayha b. Sa'eed b. al-'As b. Umayya (who had a share of 30,000 dinars in the caravan of Abu Sufyan) and 'Abd b. Abdul Rabi'a al-Makhzum had made good fortunes. 'Abdullah b. Jad'an of Banu Taym was also one of the wealthiest persons of Makkah who used to drink water in a cup of gold and maintained a public kitchen for providing food to every poor and beggar. 'Abbaas Ibn 'Abdul-Muttalib was another man abounding in riches who spent lavishly on the indigent and the needy and lent money at interest in Makkah. During his farewell Pilgrimage when the Prophet (r) abolished usurious transactions, he declared: "The first usury I abolish today is that of 'Abbaas b. 'Abdul Muttalib".
Makkah had also men rolling in riches whose well-furnished drawing rooms were the rendezvous of the elite of the Quraysh who rejoiced in the pleasures of wine, love and romance.
The chiefs of the Quraysh usually had their sittings in front of the Ka'bah in which prominent poets of pre-Islamic days, such as, Labid, recited their poems. It was here that 'Abdul Muttalib used to have his gatherings and, as they say, his sons dared not take their seats around him until their father had arrived.
CULTURE AND ARTS
Industrial arts and crafts were looked down on by the Quraysh; they considered it beneath their dignity to have their hands in a handiwork. Manual occupations were regarded as occupation meant exclusively for the slaves or non-Arabs. Yet, notwithstanding this proclivity of the Quraysh, certain crafts were a dire necessity and were practiced by some of them. Khabhab b. al-Aratt is reported to have been engaged in manufacturing swords. Constructional activities were also indispensable but Iranian and Byzantine workmen were employed to do the job for the Quraysh.
A few men in Makkah knew the art of reading and writing but the Arabs, as whole, were ignorant of the way by which learning is imparted. The Qur’an also calls them Ummi or an unlettered people:
“He it is Who hath sent among the unlettered ones a messenger of their own.”
The people of Makkah were however, not ignorant of the arts of civilisation. Their refined taste, polish and culture excelled them in the whole of Arabia in the same was as the townsmen of any metropolis occupy a distinctive place in their country.
The language spoken at Makkah was regard as a model of unapproachable excellence: the Makkan dialect set the standard which the desert Bedouins as well as the Arabs of outlying areas strived to imitate. By virtue of their elegant expression and eloquence, the inhabitants of Makkah were considered to possess the finest tongue, uncorrupted by the grossness of the languages of non-Arabs. In their physical features, shapeliness and good looks, the people of Makkah were considered to be the best representatives of the Arabian race. They were also endowed with the virtues of courage and magnanimity of heart, acclaimed by the Arabs as Al-Futuh and al-Murauwah, which were the two oft-repeated themes of Arabian poetry. These traits of their character admirably describe their recklessness which savored troth of a devil and a saint.
The matters that attracted their attention most were genealogy, legends of Arabia, poetry, astrology and planetary mansions, ominous flight of the birds and a little of medication. As expert horsemen, they possessed an intimate knowledge of the horse and preserved the memory of the purest breed; and as dwellers of the desert they were well-versed in the delicate art of physiognomy. Their therapy based partly on their own experience and partly on the traditional methods handed down to them from their forefathers, consisted of branding, phlebotomy, removal of diseased limbs and use of certain herbs.
MILITARY POWERS
The Quraysh were by nature or nurture, a peace-loving people, amiable in disposition; for, unlike all other peoples inside and outside the Peninsula, their prosperity depended on the development of free trade, continual movement of caravans, improvement of marketing facilities in their own city and maintenance of conditions peaceful enough to encourage merchants and pilgrims to bend their steps to Makkah. They were sufficiently farsighted to recognize that their merchantile business was their life. Trade was the source of their livelihood as well as the means to increase their prestige as servants of the sanctuary. The Qur'aan has also referred to the fact in the Soorah Quraysh:
"So let them worship the Lord of this House, who hath fed them against hunger hath made safe from fear." [Qur'aan 106:3-5]
In other words, they were inclined to avoid a scramble unless their tribal or religious honor was in peril. They were thus committed to the principle of peaceful coexistence; nevertheless, they possessed considerable military prowess. Their courage and intrepidity was as axiomatic throughout Arabia as was their skill in horsemanship. "Al-Ghadbata al-Mudriyah" or anger of the Mudar, which can be described as a tormenting thirst quenched by nothing save blood, was a well known adage of Arabic language frequently used by the poets and orators of pre-Islamic Arabia.
The military prowess of Quraysh was not restricted to their own tribal reserves alone. They utilized the services of ahabeesh or the desert Arabs living around Makkah, some of which traced their descent to Kinana and Khuzayma b. Mudrika the distant relation of Quraysh. The Khuza'a were also confederates of the Quraysh. In addition, Makkah had always had slaves in considerable numbers who were ever willing to fight for their masters. They could thus draft, at any time, several thousand warriors under their banner. The strongest force numbering 10,000 combatants, ever mustered in the pre-lslamic era, was enlisted by the Quraysh in the battle of Ahzab.
MAKKAH, THE HEART OF ARABIA
By virtue of its being the seat of the national shrine and the most flourishing commercial centre whose inhabitants were culturally and intellectually in Arabia. It was considered a rival of Sana' in Yemen, but with the Abyssinians and Iranians gaining control over Sana, one after another, and the decline of the earlier glamour of Hira and Ghassan, Makkah had attained a place of undisputed supremacy in Arabia.
THE MORAL LIFE
A moral ideal was what the Makkans lacked most of all, or one can say, except for the binding force of some stale customs and traditional sentiments of Arab chivalry, they had no code of ethics to guide their conduct. Gambling was a favourite pastime in which they took pride, unrestrained drunkenness sent them into rapturous delight and immoderate dissipation satisfied their perverted sense of honor. Their gatherings were the scenes of drinking bouts and wanton debauchery without any idea of sin or crime; they never took any aversion to wickedness, iniquity, callousness and brigandage.
The moral atmosphere of Arabia in general and of Makkah in particular, was faithfully depicted by J'afar b. Abu Talib, a prominent member of the Quraysh, in the court of Negus, when he said to him;
"O King we were an unenlightened people plunged in ignorance: we worshipped idols, we ate dead animals, and we committed abominations; we broke natural ties, we ill-treated our neighbors and our strong devoured the weak." (Ibn Hisham, Vol. I, p.336)
RELIGIOUS LIFE
The religious practices and beliefs of the Arabs were, beyond doubt, even more despicable, particularly, by reason of the influence they exerted on the social and moral life of the people. Having lost all but little touch with the salubrious teachings of the Prophets of old, they had been completely submerged in the crude and materialistic form of fetishism like that prevailing in the countries surrounding them. So fond had they become of idol worship that no less than three hundred and sixty deities adorned, or defiled, the holy sanctuary. The greatest amongst these gods was Hubal whom Abu Sufyan had extolled at the battle of Uhud when he had cried out: "Glory be to Hubal". The idol occupied a central place in the Ka'bah, by the side of a well in which the offerings were stored. Sculptured in the shape of a man, it was made of a huge cornelian rock. As its right hand was missing when the Quraysh had discovered it, they had replaced it by a hand made of solid gold. Two idols had been placed in front of the Ka'bah, one was called Isaf and the other as Na'ila; the former had been installed close to the Ka'bah and the latter by the place of Zamzam. After sometime the Quraysh had shifted the first one near the other, where they offered up sacrifices besides them. On the mounts of Safa and Marwah, there were two more idols called Nahik Mujawid al-Rih and Mut'im at-Tayr.
Every household in Makkah had an idol which was worshipped by the inmates of the house. Al-'Uzza had been installed near 'Arafat within a temple constructed for it. Quraysh venerated al-'Uzza as the chief or the noblest of all deities. The Arabs used to cast lots with the help of divining arrows placed before these idols for taking a decision to commence any affair. There were also other idols, one of which named as al-Khalsa, had been set up in the depression of Makkah's valley. The idol was garlanded, presented an offering of barley and wheat and bathed with milk. The Arabs used to make sacrifices and hang the eggs of an ostrich over it. Being a popular deity, its replicas were sold by vendors to the villagers and pilgrims visiting Makkah.
The Arabs possessed the virtues of courage, loyalty and generosity, but during the long night of superstition and ignorance, worship of images and idols had stolen into their hearts, perhaps, more firmly than any other nation; and they had wandered far away from the simple faith of their ancestors Ibrahim and Isma'il which had once taught them the true meaning of religious piety, purity of morals and seemliness of conduct.
So, this was the city of Makkah. Then by the middle of the sixth century of Christian era, before the birth of the Prophet (r), whence we see Islam rising on a horizon shrouded in obscure darkness.
In very truth the Lord has said:
That You may warn a folk whose fathers were not warned, so they are heedless. [Qur'aan 36:6]
In Makkah Early Life
ABDULLAH AND AMINA
‘Abdul Muttalib, chieftain of the Quraysh, had ten sons who were all worthy and outstanding, but ‘Abdullah was the noblest and most prominent among them. ‘Abdul Muttalib wedded his son to Amina, the daughter of Wahb Ibn ‘Abdu Munaf, who was the leading man of Bani Zuhra. She (Amina) was the most excellent woman among the Quraysh in birth and stature at that time. (Ibn Hisham, Vol. I, p. 110)
Muhammed's father `Abdullah died before Muhammed was born. The Prophet (r) was born on Monday, the 12th of Rab'i-ul Awwal in the Year of the Elephant. Certainly, it was the most auspicious day in the history of mankind.
Muhammed was the son of ‘Abdullah Ibn ‘Abdul Muttalib, Ibn Hashim, Ibn ‘Abdul Munaf, Ibn Qusayy, Ibn Kilab, Ibn Murra, Ibn Ka’b Ibn Lu’ayy, Ibn Ghalib, Ibn Fihr, Ibn Malik, Ibn al-Nadr, Ibn Kinana, Ibn Khusayma, Ibn Mudrika, Ibn Ilyas, Ibn Mudar Ibn Nizar Ibn Ma’add, Ibn ‘Adnan.
The parentage of ‘Adnan is further traced to Ismail the son of Ibrahim by Arab genealogists.
After the birth of Muhammed, Amina sent someone to inform his grandfather. He came, looked at the baby lovingly and took him to the Ka'bah where he praised Allah and prayed for the infant. ‘Abdul Muttalib then gave him the name Muhammed, which means, ‘He who is praised’. The Arabs were surprised at the unfamiliar name given to the newborn babe by ‘Abdul Muttalib. (Ibn Hisham, pp. 159-60)
THE SUCKLING PERIOD
Thuwaybah, a bondwoman of the Prophet’s uncle Abu Lahab, suckled him momentarily for a few days while ‘Abdul Muttalib continued to look for a wet-nurse to nurture his favorite grandson. It was customary in Makkah to place the suckling babies under the care of a desert tribeswoman, where the child grows up in the free, chivalrous air away from the cramp, contaminating atmosphere of the city, and learn the wholesome ways of the Bedouins. Those were the days when the chaste, unaffected and natural expression of the desert people was considered as the finest model of grace and elegance of the Arabic language. Together with the milk of a Bedouin woman, the babies imbibed the fluent language that flew across the desert.
The people from the tribe of Bani S’ad were known for the gracefulness of their speech. Halima S’adiya, a member of this tribe, ultimately came to have the precious baby under her wings. This was a year of famine wherein Bani S’ad had been rendered miserable. The tribe came to Makkah to look for children to be suckled, but no woman to whom the Prophet of God (r) was offered, agreed to take the child because none expected a goodly return for nurturing or nursing an infant whose father was already dead. They said, “An orphan! What will his mother and grandfather give in return?” At first, Halima also declined the offer but suddenly she felt a craving for the baby. She had also failed to get a charge for her and, therefore, before going back home, she returned and finally took the baby back with her. Halima found before long that her household was blest with luck, her breasts overflowed with milk, the udders of her she-camel were full and everything seemed to bring forth happiness. The women of Halima’s tribe now spread out the rumor: “Halima, you have certainly got a blessed child.” They began to feel envious of her already.
Halima weaned the baby when he was two years old, for it is customary upon the foster-children to return to their respective families at such an age. Besides, the boy was also developing faster than the other children, and by the time he was two, he was already a well-grown child. Thus, Halima brought the Prophet of God (r) back to Amina but begged her to be allowed to keep the boy for some extended time as he had brought her luck. Amina agreed and allowed Halima to take Muhammed back with her.
Some months after his return to Bani S’ad, two angels seized the Prophet of God (r), opened up his chest and extracted a black drop from it. Then they thoroughly cleaned his heart and healed the wound after putting his heart back in its place.
Muhammed (r) tended the lambs with his foster-brothers in the boundless wilderness of the desert, far away from the pretensions, hypocrisy, pomp and pride of the city, rendering his thoughts dry and clear like the desert air. His life was as simple as the sand and he learned to endure with the hardships and dangers of the wilderness. And with the people of Bani S’ad, his ears became accustomed to the rhetoric and eloquence of the pure and classical language of the Bedouins. The Prophet (r) often used to tell his companions: “I am the most Arab of you all for I am of Quraysh origin and I was suckled among Bani S’ad Ibn Bakr. (Ibn Hisham, Vol. I, 167).
DEATH OF AMINA AND ‘ABDUL MUTTALIB
When the Prophet (r) was six years old, his mother took him to Yathrib to pay a visit to her father. She also wanted to call on the grave of her late husband, but while on her way back to Makkah, she died at a place called Abwa. Muhammed (r) must have felt lonely and sorrowful at the death of his mother in the middle of his journey. Incidents of such nature had been a common fixture in his life since birth, perhaps as a divine dispensation for his upbringing in a particular way, one which is reminiscent of the great role that he has to play in the future. Finally, the Abyssinian bondwoman, Umm Ayman Barkah, brought him to his grandfather in Makkah. ‘Abdul Muttalib loved Muhammed (r) so dearly, making him the apple of his eye and never allowed him to be distant from his sight.
When Muhammed was eight years of age, ‘Abdul Muttalib also passed away. Muhammed (r) was now left behind, alone and abandoned. He had never seen his father, and would have had no recollection of him, but the death of the adoring grandfather must have been too depressing and inconsolable to bear.
ABU TALIB BECOMES THE GUARDIAN
Following the death of ‘Abdul Muttalib, Abu Talib took the Prophet (r) under his care for he and ‘Abdullah, the Prophet’s father, were brothers by the same mother. Abdul Muttalib had also been insisting upon Abu Talib to take care of Muhammed (r) himself. Accordingly, Abu Talib took Muhammed (r) under his protection and even treated him with more care and affection than his own two sons, ‘Ali J’afar and ‘Aqil. (Ibn Hisham, Vol. I, p. 179).
Once, when Muhammed (r) was nine years old, Abu Talib planned to go on a merchant caravan to Syria. Knowing this, Muhammed (r) approached his uncle, and nestling close to him, insisted on accompanying him in the journey. Abu Talib was moved and agreed to take Muhammed with him to Syria. When the caravan reached Busra in Syria, it broke the journey for a short stay and while there, they met a monk by the name of Buhaira who lived in his cell. He came out against his practice, to welcome the merchants and made a great feast for them. The caravan found favor with Buhaira, so they say, because of something that he had seen while he was in his cell. When Buhaira saw Muhammed, he observed in him the signs of the Prophethood that he had known and advised Abu Talib: “Return to your home with this youth and guard him from the Jews; for great dignity awaits your nephew”. Abu Talib immediately took Muhammed (r) back to Makkah by virtue of Buhaira’s advice.
DIVINE TUTELAGE
God had made special arrangements for broadening the mind of Muhammed (r) and had taken particular care to shut off the faults and failures of the pagan past from him. Since early youth, the reserved and unassuming young man was known for his gentle disposition and grave purity of life as well as for his candidness, honesty and integrity and his stern sense of duty. His was the straight and narrow path and none could find the slightest fault with him. The fair character and honorable bearing of Muhammed (r) won for him, in the pinnacle of his youth, the title of Al-Amin, meaning the Trustworthy, from his fellow populace. (Ibn Hisham, Vol. I, p. 183)
Evil were the ways of young men in Makkah, and no misconduct brought anybody into jeopardy or accountability. But God helped Muhammed (r) abandon the pleasures of life familiar to everybody in there. Such that on the contrary, he was rather kind to his kinsmen, alleviated the sufferings of others and spared or minimized expenses to meet their needs. Moreover, he entertained guests, was ever willing to join hands with anybody who had a noble and virtuous task and preferred to earn his livelihood by toiling hard for it even if it meant living a simple life to the point of austerity.
When the Prophet (r) was around fourteen or fifteen years of age, the sacrilegious war, known as the Harb-ul-Fijar, broke out between the Quraysh and the tribe of Qays. Muhammed (r) was present at this event such that he picked up the arrows that the enemy had shot and gave them back to the Qurayshite fighters. This was to mark his first experience of military operations. (Ibn Hisham, Vol. I, 186)
Now that Muhammed (r) was coming into grips of his own life, he turned his attention to scouting a means of livelihood. Like other lads of his age, he took a shot at the tendering of sheep and goats. It was not deemed a disgraceful occupation in those days; rather, it helped one to be watchful, alert and quick, kind and considerate, besides allowing an opportunity to inhale the freedom of Arabian air and the power of its sand. More than that, it had been the convention of all the Prophets of old which complied with his future Prophetic task. The Prophet (r) after all used to say: “Verily, there has been no Prophet (r) who has not tended the flocks of goats.” On being asked again whether he had also performed the work of a shepherd, the Prophet (r) affirmed. “Yes I did.”
Muhammed (r) was not completely new to the job for in his childhood days he used to accompany his foster-brothers in tending their flocks and herds. The reports in the Saheeh show that the Prophet (r) used to watch the goats upon the neighboring hills and valleys for a meager payment from their owners.
MARRIAGE WITH KHADIJAH
Muhammed (r) married Khadijah (t) when he was twenty-five years of age. Khadijah, daughter of Khuwaylid, was noble and intelligent, wealthy and was respected for the quality and integrity of her heart. A widow whose age was then forty years, (Ibn Hisham, Vol. I, pp. 189-90) her late husband was Abu Hala. She carried out on their business and like other merchants of Makkah she also used to hire men to transport her merchandise outside the country on a profit-sharing scheme. Khadijah was impressed with Muhammed’s truthfulness, trustworthiness and honorable character when he traded her merchandise to Syria.
Although Khadijah had turned down several offers for her hand by some of the eminent chiefs of the Quraysh, she expressed her desire to marry Muhammed (r). Hamza, an uncle of Muhammed (r), conveyed the message to him for which he readily agreed. Abu Talib recited the wedding sermon and Muhammed (r), united in wedlock with Khadijah, commenced his marital career. All the offspring of the Prophet (r) except Ibrahim who died in infancy, were born to Khadijah.
RECONSTRUCTION OF THE KA’BA
In his thirty-fifth year, Muhammed (r) made a difficult decision about a matter that provoked the Quraysh and threatened to plunge them into another sacrilegious war. The Quraysh wished to rebuild the Ka'bah and furnish it with roofs, for it was made of loose stones, and its walls were only a little higher than a man’s height. So, the walls were demolished and the work of reconstruction was taken up, but when it was time to rebuild the Ka'bah as far as the position of the Black Stone was concerned, the question arose as to who should place the sacred relic into its place. Every tribe claimed the honor; an imminent collision was bound to happen. The grounds that led to wars of attrition during the early days of paganism in Arabia were nothing but inferior or insignificant when compared to the grave issue that was made as the focal point of honor on this occasion.
Banu ‘Abdul Dar brought a bowl full of blood; then they and Banu ‘Adiy pledged themselves to fight unto death by thrusting their hands into the blood. The conflict appeared to be the starting point of a furious struggle which might have swallowed up the whole of Arabia in another of their oft-recurring wars. The dilemma continued for a few days until it was agreed that whosoever is the first man to enter the gate of the Kabah would be made as the umpire of the matter under dispute. And so the first man to enter came, but he was no other than the future Prophet of God (r). “This is Muhammed”, they said as soon as they saw him coming, and further added: “He is trustworthy and we will abide by his decision.”
Muhammed (r) asked them to bring a cloth, took the Black Stone and put it inside the fabric, then afterwards asked each tribe to take hold of an end of the material and then simultaneously raise it to the required height. When the people lifted the stone in such manner, Muhammed (r) placed it in its position with his own hands, and the building went on above it. (Ibn Hisham, Vol. I, pp. 192-197)
The wisdom displayed by the Prophet (r) on this occasion, one which saved the Quraysh from measuring the might of their swords with that of the others, strikingly illustrates his sound judgment apart from divulging sparks of his genius. The incident foreshadowed the signs of Muhammed's prudence, profoundness of his teachings, his thoughtfulness, cool temper and the spirit of his friendliness and altruism; in fact the cardinal virtues of one who was to become the ‘Mercy for the Worlds”. These were the qualities through which the Prophet (r) transformed a people, unruly and ferocious, continuously at war amongst each other, into a closely-knit fraternity by proving and submitting himself as a Merciful Prophet (r) before them.
HILFUL-FUDUL
It was during this period that the Quraysh came to agree upon one of the noblest covenants made in which Muhammed (r) played a prominent part. It so happened that a man from Zabid (A town in Yemen) came to sell his merchandise in Makkah. One of the Quraysh chieftains in the person of Al-As Ibn Wayel purchased the whole of it but paid nothing in return. Because of this, Zabid approached several influential Quraysh leaders but none of them agreed to confront Al-As Ibn Wayel. Having been turned down by those that he had previously asked for help, Zabid called upon the people of Makkah exhorting every bold and fair-minded young man to come to his rescue. At last, many of them, moved by embarrassment, assembled in the house of ‘Abdullah Ibn Jad’an who entertained everyone that came to his house. Thereafter, they formed a pact, in the name of Allah, for repression of acts of lawlessness and restoration of justice to the weak and the oppressed within the walls of Makkah. The covenant was called Hilful-Fudul wherein all its members finally approached Al-As Ibn Wayel and forced him to return the merchandise of Zabid. (Ibn Hisham, Vol. I, pp.257-59).
Muhammed (r) had been one of the prominent movers of the pact and he always made it a point to express his satisfaction over the execution of this agreement. Once he remarked: “I had a hand in making such an arrangement in the house of ‘Abdullah Ibn Jad’an to which if I were invited again to help even after the advent of Islam, I would have undoubtedly participated once more”. Through such Hilful Fudul, they had agreed to restore upon everyone what is due of him and to protect the weak from the exploits and manipulations of the oppressors.”
The Advent of Prophecy
UNREST
Muhammed (r) was approaching his fortieth year. He felt a mystifying internal unrest, yet he did not know the rationale behind it. He was himself not aware what the inexplicable confusion meant to him; nor did the idea that God was about to honor him with revelation and Prophethood ever crossed his mind. This was how the Prophet (r) felt, as has been attested by God in the Qur’an:
“And thus We have inspired in thee (Muhammed) a Spirit of Our Command. You knewest not what the Scripture was, nor what the Faith. But We have made it a light whereby We guide whom We will of our bondmen. And Lo! You verily dost guide unto a right path.” [Qur'aan 42:52]
At another place, the inability of the Prophet (r) to know the reason for his internal unrest has been demonstrated in these words:
“You hast no hope that the Scripture would be inspired in thee; but it is a mercy from Your Lord, so never be a helper to the disbelievers.” [Qur'aan 28:86]
It pleased the Will of God, All-wise and All-knowing, that His Prophet (r) should remain a stranger to the arts of reading and writing. His contemporaries could thus never accuse him of himself editing the divine revelations. This, too, has been subverted by the Qur’an to settle the matter as evidenced by the following verse:
“And You (O Muhammed) was not a reader of any Scripture before it, nor didst You write it with Your right hand, for then might those have doubted, who follow falsehood.” [Qur'aan 29: 48]
That is why the Qur’an calls him an 'unlettered Prophet (r)'.
"Those who follow the messenger, the Prophet who can neither read nor write, whom they will find described in the Torah and the gospel (which are) with them—He commands them for Al-Maruf (monotheism and all that Islam has ordained) and forbids them from Al-Munkar (disbelief and all that Islam forbids)” [Qur'aan 7:157]
IN THE CAVE OF HIRA
Often Muhammed (r) preferred the solitude of Cave Hira where he remained for as many days as the provision with him required, spending his nights in vigils and prayers, in the manner he thought reminiscent of the way of Ibrahim (u).
It was the 17th Ramadan/ 6th August, 610 AD of the year following the fortieth year of the Prophet (r). Muhammed (r) was wide-awake and fully conscious when the Angel Gabriel came to him and said: “Read”. Muhammed (r) answered truthfully, “I cannot read.” The Prophet (r) related that the Angel took and pressed him until he was distressed, after which he released him and said again, “Read.” The Prophet (r) replied for the second time, “I cannot read.” The Angel again pressed him tightly until he felt squeezed and then letting him go, said, “Read.” When the Prophet (r) replied once again, “I cannot read,” he took him and pressed tightly a third time in the same manner. He then let the Prophet (r) go and said:
Read (O Muhammed) in the name of Your Lord who createth,
Createth man from a clot. Read: and Your Lord is the Most
Bounteous, Who teacheth by the pen, Teacheth man that which he knew not. [Qur'aan 96:1-5]
BACK HOME
Upset and frightened by the strange experience which had never occurred to him earlier or having not heard of the same prior incident, the Messenger of God (r) came back with verses, his heart trembling, and went to Khadijah and said: “Wrap me up, wrap me up!" for he still felt horrified.
Khadijah asked the reason for the Prophet's (r) restlessness and the latter told her what had happened. Khadijah (May Allah be pleased with her) was intelligent and prudent and had heard a great deal about the messengers of God, Prophethood and angels from her cousin Waraqa Ibn Naufal (who had embraced Christianity and familiarized the Torah and Gospels). She was herself dissatisfied with the pagan cult of the Makkahns like several other enlightened ones who had broken away from the idol worship.
Khadijah was the wife of the Prophet (r). She had spent many years with him as the closest companion and knew him like she knew herself. By that alliance, Khadijah became the most reliable and credible testament of the nobility of her husband’s character. Worthiness of his moral fiber had convinced her that succor of the Lord would in any case stand by such a man. She knew in her heart of hearts that the good grace of God could never allow one so high-minded, truth-loving, trustworthy and upright man such as her husband, to be possessed by a jinn or a devil. And so she assured him with domineering self-confidence: “By no means; I swear to God that He would never embarrass you. Because you consolidate and salvage relationships, you speak the truth, you bear peoples’ burdens, you help the destitute, you entertain guests and you relieved the pain and grief suffered for the sake of truth.” (Mishkat al-Masabih, Vol. IV, p. 1253)
PREDICTION OF WARAQA IBN NAWFAL
Khadijah had tried to comfort and encourage her husband on account of what she thought was correct or on the basis of her own knowledge and understanding. But the matter was serious, crucial and imperative. She had no peace of mind until she had consulted someone knowledgeable of the revealed religions, their history and scriptures, as well as the biography of the earlier Prophet's of God (u). Khadijah wished to know for sure what had befallen her husband.
Khadijah knew that Waraqa Ibn Naufal was the man who could clarify the matter. She took the Prophet (r) to Waraqa and when the Prophet (r) told him what he had seen and heard, Waraqa cried out, “Verily by Him in whose hand is Waraqa’s soul, Lo, You art the Prophet of this people. There hath come unto thee the greatest Namus, (Archangel Gabriel) who came unto Moses at his time. A day will come when You wilt be called a liar, Your people wilt maltreat thee, cast thee out and fight against thee.” The Prophet (r) was surprised to hear Waraqa’s premonitions for his fellow citizens had always received him with courtesy and esteem. They addressed him as the trustworthy and honest. Holding his breath in amazement, he demanded from Waraqa, “What! Will they expel me?” “Yes”, (replied) Waraqa, “For no man has ever brought anything like what You hast brought without being opposed and fought by his people, which hath always been so. If I live to see that day, I shall stand by thee.”
The Prophet (r) waited, day after day, but no revelation came for a long time. Then, it began again, so the revelation of the Qur’an started to manifest itself little by little and then in quick succession and was completed throughout the entire period of twenty-three years.
The First Muslims
KHADIJAH
Khadijah, the Prophet's wife, was the first believer in the new faith. She had the opportunity of being his companion and helper, his consort and supporter. She always stood behind him, consoling and giving him support against all those who denied and scorned him. She tried to relieve his apprehensions and encouraged him by reinforcing her trust in him.
‘ALI IBN ABU TALIB AND ZAYD IBN HARITH
‘Ali Ibn Abi Talib was the next to enter in the fold of Islam. He was then a youth of ten years, and had been brought up under the guardianship of the Prophet (r) since his early childhood. The Prophet (r) had taken the charge of ‘Ali from his uncle Abu Talib, and kept him as a member of his family since the time a grievous famine befell Quraysh. The third person to accept Islam was Zayd Ibn Haritha who was a freeman of the Prophet (r) and whom he had adopted as his son).
ABU BAKR
Acceptance of the Prophet's faith by Abu Bakr Ibn Abi Quhafa, after Zayd, was of no minor significance. This merchant of sociable nature was known for his moderation and prudence, good character and kindliness, and enjoyed a still greater reputation for his wide knowledge of the genealogy of the Quraysh and expertise in commerce. He began to preach the truth that he had affirmed himself to all those that he had relied upon including those who are associated with him or those who came to seek his company. (Ibn Hisham, Vol. I, pp. 249-59)
The persuasive businessman began to win over the elite of the Quraysh to place their trust in the mission of the Prophet (r). Those who accepted Islam at invitation of Abu Bakr included ‘Uthman Ibn Affan, Zubayr Ibn Al ‘Awwam, 'Abdul Rahman Ibn Auf, S’ad Ibn Abi Waqqa and Talha Ibn ‘Ubaydullah. Abu Bakr brought all of them to the Prophet (r) upon whose hands they embraced Islam. (Ibn Hisham, pp. 150-51)
Slowly, the mission of the Prophet (r) was made known to other respectable citizens of Makkah and some of them who followed after the first eight were:
Abu ‘Ubayda Ibn al-Jarrah, Al-Arqam, ‘Uthman Ibn Maz’un, ‘Ubaydah Ibn al-Harith Ibn Abdul Muttalib, Sa’id Ibn Zayd, Kahbbab Ibn Al-Aratt, ‘Abdullah Ibn Mas’us, ‘Ammar Ibn Yasir, Suhayb Ibn Sinan and others.
People now began to accept Islam in large numbers; they came in throngs from different tribes and families until the news spread throughout the city that Muhammed taught some sort of a new faith. (Ibn Hisham, pp. 262)
ON MOUNT SAFA
Three years had elapsed from the time the Prophet (r) had received the first revelation but he had remained a silent preacher throughout such period. He was now commanded to announce it openly:
“So proclaim that which You art commanded, and withdraw from the idolaters.” [Qur'aan 15: 94]
“And warn Your tribe of near kindred, and lower Your wing (in kindness) unto those believers who follow thee.” [Qur'aan 26:214-15]
“And say: Lo! I, even I, am a plain Warner.” [Qur'aan 15: 89]
It was an order to show himself to peoples of the world. The Prophet (r) ascended the heights of mount Safa and cried aloud: “Ya Sahabah”. The Arabs were already familiar with the call, which was meant to summon them for facing a surprise attack by the enemy. The alarming call made the whole of the Quraysh come quickly round the Prophet (r) while those who were unable to come, sent proxies for themselves. Looking down at the men who waited with their eyes strained at him, the Messenger of God (r) said to them:
“O sons of ‘Abdul Muttalib! O sons of Fihr: O sons of K’ab! If I tell you that horsemen were advancing to attack you from the other side of this hill, would you believe me?” The Arabs were practical-minded, possessing a keenly logical outlook, which admitted no ifs, or buts. They saw the man whom they had always found, on every occasion, candid, honest and dependable, standing on the summit, having a full view of both the sides of the hill. They had, on the other hand, the rear of the hill concealed from their sight. Given their intelligence and understanding, experience with the man addressing them and the entirety of their own sane and sound mind led them to only one conclusion. They unanimously replied, “Oh yes, we would surely believe you.”
A COGENT ARGUMENT
Absolute truthfulness, credibility, or dependability of the Messenger of God (r) constitute the initial and the most essential factor for the acceptance of his mission. The question posed by the Prophet (r) was thus meant to obtain a confirmation of these qualities from his audience. Meriting their approval, he said to them, “Well, I am a warner to you before a severe condemnation overtakes you.” The Prophets of God (u) are endowed with the knowledge of crude or austere realities that are neither perceptible nor acceptable in human parlance. The way the Prophet (r) had tried to explain to them the concept and essence of Prophethood was the most trenchant and effective method that could have been employed for the purpose. This was certainly the easiest as well as the best method to convey an accurate impact and significance of Prophethood, wherein the allegorical mode of expressing such a complex reality was without parallel in the teachings of any other Prophet or founder of religion.
The words of the Prophet (r) so struck the Quraysh that they stood silent and still. Abu Lahab, at last, took courage and exclaimed,
“May you perish! Is it for this that you have brought us here?"
The Beginning of Persecution
The Prophet of God (r) preached Islam openly in the streets of Makkah, yet the Quraysh remained cool and indifferent to him; neither did they turn against him nor did they ever feel that their Religion was at stake. They did not even care to refute the Prophet (r) but when he started talking critically of their gods, they felt offended and decided to rebuke him. Muhammed (r) would have been at the mercy from the radicals of the merchant’s republic of Makkah, but Abu Talib, the Prophet's (r) uncle, continued to treat him kindly and stood up in his defense. And, the Prophet (r), equally determined to actively propagate his new faith, continued to call the people to Islam. Nothing could stop the Prophet (r) from preaching the commands of his God, in the same way that nothing could also dissuade Abu Talib to waive his protection from the nephew he so loved more than his sons.
ABU TALIB’S ANXIETY
The Prophet (r) was now the much-talked about problem among the Quraysh. They conferred and consulted one another how to face the danger that the Prophet (r) with his sweet tongue portended before them. At last, the leading men of the Quraysh approached Abu Talib and said to him, “O Abu Talib, you are old and we hold you in high esteem. We had asked you to restrain your nephew but you did nothing. By God, we cannot tolerate any longer that our fathers should be denounced, that we should be labeled ignoramuses and frivolous and our gods insulted. Either you must stop him or we will fight both of you, until one of us perishes.” (Ibn Hisham, Vol. I, pp. 256-66)
The old leader of Makkah remained deep in thought, distressed at the rift with his people and their hostility but he was nither willing to desert his nephew surrender give him to his enemies. He went for the Prophet (r) and said, “Son of my brother, your people came to me and threatened me with dire consequences if you continue to preach your religion. Spare my life and yours and do not impose on me a burden greater than I can bear.” The Prophet (r) thought that his uncle was no longer willing to shield him, that he intended to give him up. He answered, “O my uncle, by God, if they were to place the sun in my right hand and the moon in my left, and ask me to abandon this course, I would not turn from it until God makes it victorious or I perish therein.”
Tears flowed from the eyes of the Prophet (r). With a heavy heart, he got up to depart. But, Abu Talib could not bear to look at his nephew’s sorrow. Before he had reached the threshold, Abu Talib cried out, “Come back, my nephew.” And when he returned, Abu Talib said, “Go where you please and say what you will. By God, I will never deliver you to your enemies.” (Ibn Hisham Vol. I. pp. 265-66)
PERSECUTION BEGINS
The Prophet (r) continued to preach the message of God as vigorously as before. The Makkans were now desperate of forcing Abu Talib to give up Muhammed (r) and there was nothing that they could do to stop him. Their anger swelled to such an extent that they started inciting the tribes against those who had accepted Islam but had nobody to protect them. Every tribe asserted itself on the Muslims amongst it; beating and putting them under chains, denying them food and water and forcing them to lie on the burning sand and under the scorching heat of Arabia's sun.
Bilal Ibn Rabah was a slave who had embraced Islam. Umaya Ibn Khalaf, his master, used to bring him out at noontime and throw him on his back into the hot sand. He ordered to place a great rock on the chest of Bilal and then he would say to him, “No, by God, you will lie here till you die or deny Muhammed and worship Al-Lat and Al-Uzza.” Bilal endured the affliction, crying, “One, One”.
Abu Bakr once saw Bilal (May Allah be pleased with him) being tortured by his master. Sensing the servant’s conviction, he bought Bilal’s freedom. (Ibn Hisham, Vol. I, pp. 317-18)
Ammar Ibn Yasir and his parents had accepted Islam. Bani Makhzum used to take them out in the full glare of the sun at the hottest part of the day and then take them to task for their faith. If the Prophet (r) passed by them, he used to advise them: “Patience, O family of Yasir, patience. Your destination is Paradise.” They endured all persecutions until ‘Bani Makhzum killed Ammar’s mother for she refused to renounce Islam. (Ibn Hisham Vol. Pp. 317-18)
Mus’ab Ibn ‘Umyr was the most well dressed young man of Makkah. Mus’ab’s mother, who possessed a handsome fortune, had brought him up in the life of luxury. He used to put on the costliest clothes perfumed with the best scent and always had his shoes imported from Hadramaut, then famous for manufacturing leather goods. The Prophet (r) is reported to have once remarked about him: “I had not seen any young man in Makkah more handsome and far well-dressed or who had been brought up with more grandeur and comfort than Mus’ab Ibn Umayr.” He came to know that the Prophet (r) preached a new religion in the house of Arqam. ‘Umayr’s curiosity took him there but he came back as a true believer in Islam. He did not, however, declare his faith open and kept on meeting the Prophet (r) secretly. ‘Uthman Ibn Talha once saw him performing the prayer and disclosed his secret to his mother and other tribesmen. The result was that he was seized and imprisoned, and remained in fetters until the Muslims first migrated to Abyssinia. When he returned from Abyssinia along with the other refugees, he was completely a changed man. His daintiness and elegance was relinquished in favor of such a rugged simplicity that his mother had to leave him alone instead of confronting him (Tabaqat Ibn S’ad, Vol. III, pp. 82; Isti’ab, Vol. I, pp. 288)
Scared of the hostile atmosphere then prevailing against the Muslims in Makkah, others had sought the protection of their friends who were still polytheists. One of them was ‘Uthman Ibn Mazun who was under the protection of Walid Ibn Al-Mughira, but as he felt ashamed of being shielded by anyone other than God, he renounced the protection of the former. Shortly thereafter, he had a heated argument with a polytheist who slapped him so hard on his face that he lost an eye. Walid Ibn Al-Mughira was present during the incident afterwhich he told him:‘Uthman, “By God, O son of my brother, your eye was secured against this injury and you were well-protected.” “Nay, by God,” replied ‘Uthman Ibn Maz’un (t), “The eye that is still unhurt longs for what happened to the other for God’s sake. O ‘Abdu Shams, I am here in the vicinity and shelter of one who is exceedingly superior to you in honor and glory.” (Ibn Hisham, Vol. I, pp. 370-71)
When ‘Uthman Ibn ‘Affan accepted Islam, his uncle Hakam Ibn Abi al-As Ibn Umayya tied him securely with a rope and said, “Have you renounced the faith of your fathers for a new religion? By God, I will not release you until you abandon this belief.” ‘Uthman (t) firmly replied, “By God, I will never give it up.” The firmness of ‘Uthman (t) in his conviction ultimately led Hakam to unshackle him.” (Tabaqat Ibn S’ad, Vol. III, P. 37)
Kahbbab Ibn Al-Aratt, a companion of the Prophet (r), related his own story: “Some louts of the-Quraysh came one day and seized me. Then they kindled a fire and dragged me into it, while a man kept me down by stomping on my chest." Khabbab then bared his back which had white leprous-looking spots. (Tabaqat Ibn Sa’d, Vol. III, 117)
ILL TREATMENT OF THE PROPHET BY HIS PEOPLE
The efforts of the Quraysh to seduce the Prophet's companions from their religion failed miserably, nor did they succeed in stopping the Prophet (r) from preaching his religion fearlessly. The Qurayshites were first annoyed and agitated, and then dismayed by the expanding community of Muslims, they stirred up against him, calling him a liar, a sorcerer, a segregator and a poet; they insulted and abused him and started harassing him in every respect.
Once, when they were assembled at the Ka`bah, the Prophet (r) arrived. The Qurayshites assailed him in unison. While they mobbed him thus, one of them pulled the sheet of cloth hanging round his neck, which nearly choked his throat. Abu Bakr, who happened to be present at that time, separated them from the Prophet (r) by thrusting himself in between them. And with tears in his eyes he cried, “Would you kill a man simply because he acknowledges that Allah is his Lord?” Hearing this, they shunned the Prophet (r) but fell upon Abu Bakr dragging him by his hair and beard.
At another time, the Prophet (r) even had to face a worse ordeal throughout the whole day. Whomsoever he met, whether freeman or slave, cursed or vilified, or tried to hurt him in any way. He returned to his house and wrapped himself up because of the torments he had to endure that day. Then it was that God revealed to him the opening verse of the Chapter “The Enshrouded One” - ‘O You wrapped up in Your cloak, Arise and warn.” (Ibn Hisham, Vol. I, pp. 289-91 and Al-Bukhaari).
SUFFERINGS OF ABU BAKR
One morning Abu Bakr made a bold move to invite a gathering of the heathens to the true faith in God and His Prophet (r) but they fell upon him furiously and beat him mercilessly. ‘Utba Ibn Rabia inflicted such severe injuries to his face with a pair of shoes that one could no longer distinguish the eyes from the nose of his swollen face.
Abu Bakr fell unconscious and was brought to his house by Banu Taym, his kinsmen, in a precarious condition, his life hanging by a thread. He regained consciousness late in the afternoon, but even then, the first thing he asked was whether the Prophet (r) was well and safe! His relations with the Prophet (r) endangered him for his concern for the Prophet (r), on whose account he had to suffer so grievously. Then, hardly raising his voice, he repeated his question to Umm Jamil, who had also accepted Islam. Umm Jamil motioned towards his mother who was standing near her, but Abu Bakr insisted on knowing about the Prophet (r), saying that there was no harm on telling him in her presence. At last, Umm Jamil told him that the Prophet (r) was fine, but Abu Bakr (t) would not be satisfied until he had himself seen the Prophet (r).
He said, “I have taken a vow that I would not take anything until I have seen the Prophet (r) myself.” The two women waited until everybody had departed and then they brought Abu Bakr to the Prophet (r) who was moved to see his pitiable condition. The Prophet (r) prayed for his mother and invited her to accept Islam. It is reported that she readily pledged her trust in the Prophet (r) of God. (Ibn Kathir, Vol. I, pp. 439-41)
Quraish in a fix
As the enmity of persecutors increased, so did the number of the Prophet’s followers. The Quraysh were baffled about how they were going to stop the people from taking the Prophet (r) and his teachings seriously. Makkah was a commercial center frequented by tribes people from far and near and during the Hajj, or when it is about to draw near, a plethora of them were to come again. The people coming to Makkah had somehow to be kept at a distance from the Prophet (r), lest they should hear his sermons and digest his words, or that they may contemplate or reflect and meditate upon them.
They went to Walid Ibn Al-Mughira, who was old and a man of standing, to seek his advice. He said, “O people of Quraysh, the time of Hajj has come around when delegations of the Arabs will come here. They have all heard about this man, so agree upon a common ground hence you do not contradict one another and each one of you says the same thing.” Different suggestions were put forward but Walid was not satisfied. At last, he was asked to suggest some way out. Thereupon he said, “The most convincing thing in my opinion would be that all of you present him as a sorcerer. You should say that he has brought a message through which he creates a rift between fathers and sons, or where brothers fall out from brothers, as well as husbands part ways with their wives and that families break up under his influence.”
The Quraysh came back to the shenanigan suggested by Walid. They sat when the time of Hajj commenced, warning everyone to keep clear of Muhammed, repeating what they had already agreed upon each other. (Ibn Hisham, Vol. I, p. 270)
CRUELTY OF THE QURAYSH
The persecutors of the Prophet (r) were consumed by a rancor disregard for every consideration of humanitarianism and kinship; their torture was embittered by the refinements of cruelty and their misbehavior and rudeness was helpless and ineffective enough to pollute the sacred asylum held as the holiest sanctum by the Arabs.
One day while the Prophet (r) was praying at the Ka'bah, a company of the Quraysh occupied their places in the sanctuary. ‘Utba Ibn Abu Mu’ayt brought the fetus of a camel from somewhere and when the Prophet (r) prostrated in prayer, he laid it on his back and shoulders. The Messenger of God (r) remained in prostration until his daughter Fatima (May Allah be pleased with her) came running and threw it off him. She called down evil upon the one who had done it and the Prophet (r) also joined her in the condemnation. (Al-Bukhaari)
HAMZA ACCEPTS ISLAM
Once, Abu Jahl happened to pass by the Prophet (r) near the mount of Safa. He insulted the Prophet (r) and heaped all manners of indignities upon him but the Prophet (r) of God did not mind at all. After a little while, Hamza returned from a hunting spree with his bow hanging by his shoulder. Hamza was essentially a warrior, the bravest and the most courageous amongst the Quraysh. A slave woman belonging to ‘Abdullah Ibn Jad’an told him what had happened to his nephew. Hamza angrily turned back to the holy Mosque where Abu Jahl was sitting with his friends. Going straight to Abu Jahl, Hamza proceeded to strike his bow upon his head, saying, “Would you dare to insult and abuse him when I follow his religion and say what he says?” Abu Jahl kept quite while Hamza, returning to his nephew, declared himself a convert to Islam. The Quraysh were put to a great loss by the conversion of a man of unquestionable character and legendary courage. (Ibn Hisham, Vol. I, pp. 291-92)
PROPOSAL OF ‘UTBA TO THE PROPHET (r)
The number of the Prophet’s followers increased daily, threatening to turn the tide against Quraysh who as a tribe, chose to stay at the other end of the spiritual spectrum and therefore, took the situation as highly embarrassing. But they were unable to do anything to alter the course of Islam. ‘Utba Ibn Rabia, the old and wise aristocrat of the Quraysh realized that he must find a way to patch up the differences with the Prophet (r). He consulted the Quraysh for some concessions with him so that he might give up his mission. The Quraysh felt that it was a workable proposition and allowed 'Utba to negotiate with the Prophet (r) on their behalf.
‘Utbah went to the Prophet (r) and sat by his side. Then he said, “O my nephew, you know the worthy position you enjoy among us. But you have created a rift in your people by ridiculing them, insulting their gods as well as their religion, declaring their forefathers as heathens and denying their customs. Now, listen to me, I will offer you some proposals that will hopefully include one which will merit your acceptability.”
“O Abu Walid,” replied the Prophet (r), “Go on, I am listening.”
‘Utbah continued, “My Nephew, if you want to have wealth by what you preach, we will collect enough of it that you will be the richest of us. If you desire honor, we will make you our chief and leave every decision to your choice. If you aspire for kingship, we will recognize you as our monarch. And if you are possessed of a ghost or a jinn for which you have no remedy, we will find a competent physician for you and spend our wealth lavishly until your health is completely restored.”
The Prophet (r) listened patiently. When ‘Utbah had finished talking, he asked him, “Is it all that you have to say?" to which ‘Utba replied “Yes”.
“Now listen to me,” said the Prophet (r). “In the name of God, the Compassionate, the Merciful, and he continued to recite Soorah Fussilat, (Soorah 41, Chap. ‘They are expounded’) ending the recitation at prostration, (Verse 37) putting his hands behind him and leaning on them. The recitation ended, the Prophet (r) prostrated and then said to ‘Utbah, “Abul Walid, you have heard everything, now it is for you to decide.”
As the Quraysh saw ‘Utbah returning, they commented; “Honestly, he comes with an altered expression of his face.” And, when he finally came, they asked him what had happened.
“I have heard a discourse the like of which I had never heard before. I’ll swear to God, O Quraysh, that it is neither poetry, nor spell, nor witchcraft. Take my advice and leave this man alone.” The Quraysh berated ‘Utba. He said, “Now you may do whatever you think fit.” (Ibn Hisham, Vol. I, pp. 293-94)
Muslims Migrate to Abyssina
The Prophet (r) saw his followers standing up to their convictions in spite of persecutions, and his heart was laden with grief. And since he could do nothing to protect them, he advised his followers to migrate to the country of the Christian ruler, Negus of Abyssinia, who was reputed to be just and kindhearted. It was a friendly country, said the Prophet (r), where the Muslims could stay until such time as God relieved them of their distress.
Thereupon, ten Muslims left Makkah for Abyssinia. This was the first migration in Islam, where ‘Uthman Ibn Maz’un was elected as the leader of this first batch of emigrants. After them J’afar Ibn Abi Talib departed from Makkah, then a number of Muslims followed suit, one after another; some went alone while others took their families with them. A total of eighty-three persons are reported to have fled to Abyssinia. (Ibn Hisham, Vol. Pp. 320-21)
QURAYSH PURSUE THE MUSLIMS
The news that the Muslims were living in peace in Abyssinia reached Makkah making the Qurayshites all the more restless depressed and discouraged. So they decided to send ‘Abdullah Ibn Abu Rabia and ‘Amr Ibn Al ‘As Ibn Wail as their emissaries, laden with choicest presents of Makkah for Negus, his nobles and chiefs, to get the persons in exile back from Abyssinia. The agents of the Quraysh first bribed the courtiers of Negus with their presents to espouse their cause before the king, then they presented their gifts to him and said:
“Some foolish young men of our tribe have taken refuge in Your Majesty’s country. They have abandoned their own religion but neither accepted yours, and have invented a new faith which neither of us know. Our nobles, (who are their elders and guardians) have sent us to Your Majesty so we could get them back from you, for they are closer to them and that they know their faults.”
The bodyguards of Negus who heard this whispered to him in chorus, “They are correct, surrender the refugees to them”. But king Negus was enraged; he disliked forsaking those who had sought his shelter.” He said, “No, by God, I will not surrender them”. Thereafter, he summoned the Muslims to his court in the presence of his bishops, and asked the Muslims: “What is that religion for which you have forsaken your people and neither accepted my religion nor any other?”
J’AFAR'S PORTRAYAL OF ISLAM
J’afar Ibn Abi Talib, the cousin of the Prophet (r), then rose to explain what the King had asked. He said:
“O King, we were an unenlightened people plunged in ignorance. We worshipped idols, we ate dead animals, and we committed abominations: we broke natural ties, we mistreated our neighbors and our strong exploited the weak. We thus lived that way, until God raised among us an Prophet (r), of whose noble birth and lineage, truthfulness, honesty and purity we were aware. He invited us to acknowledge the Unity of God and to worship Him, and to renounce the stones and idols our forefathers and we ourselves used to venerate. He enjoined us to speak the truth, to redeem our pledges, to be kind and considerate to our kin and neighbors; he forbade us to refrain from every vice, bloodshed, shamelessness, lies and deceit and asked us neither to encroach upon the substance of orphans nor to vilify chaste women. He commanded us to pay divine homage to Allah alone and never associate ought with Him; he ordered us to pay the poor-due, to observe fast (thus enumerating other injunctions of Islam). We acknowledged his truthfulness and believed in him; we followed him in whatever he brought from God and we worshipped only One God without associating ought with Him; we treated as unlawful what he prohibited and accepted what he made lawful for us. From then on, we were estranged from our own people such that they persecuted us, tried to seduce us from our faith and forced us to take back our idols for our God and they compelled us to return to the abominations we used to commit earlier. So when they tortured and held us under their tyranny and stood between us and our religion, we fled to your country, having chosen you above others for our refuge. We have come here, O King, to your land seeking your protection and we do hope that we shall not be dealt with unjustly.”
Negus listened patiently to J’afar Ibn Abi Talib (t). Then he asked J’afar if he had something brought by his Prophet (r) from God.
J’afar replied in the affirmative. Negus asked him to recite the same. Thereupon J’afar recited the opening verses of Soorah Maryam. (19th Chapter, “Mary”) Negus wept until his beard was wet, as the bishops sobbed until their scrolls were moistened with their tears, too.
DISCOMFITURE OF THE QURAYSHITE EMISSARIES
“Truly, this and what Jesus brought are traditions from the same Heavenly light”, said Negus. Then turning to the envoys of the Quraysh he continued, “You may go. By God, I shall never give them up to you.”
Now, the shrewd poet ‘Amr Ibn al-‘As hurled his last shot and what a deadly tirade at that for he said, “O King, they assert a dreadful thing about Jesus which is even unwholesome to repeat before thee.”
Negus demanded from J’afar , “What do you say about Jesus?”
J’afar Ibn Abi Talib replied, “We say about which our Prophet (r) has taught us. He was a creature of God and His Prophet (r), as well as His Spirit and His Word, which was cast unto the blessed Virgin Maryam.”
Negus took a straw from the ground and said, “By God, Jesus, son of Mary, does not exceed what you have said by the length of this straw.”
Negus treated the Muslims with honor and pledged his protection to them. Both crestfallen envoys of the Quraysh had to leave Abyssinia in great shame while the Muslims lived there in peace and security. (Ibn Hisham, pp. 334-38)
Umar Embraces Islam
Islam was then further strengthened by the conversion of ‘Umar to the truth as brought about by the Prophet of God (r).
‘Umar was one of the nobles of the Quraysh, broad-shouldered, tall and brave. He was feared and respected by all. How the Prophet (r) wished that he should accept Islam, as he often prayed to God for showing him the right path.
Fatima bint al-Khattab, the sister of ‘Umar, accepted Islam and shortly thereafter, her husband Sa’id Ibn Zayd followed suit. But both kept it a closely guarded secret since they feared the violent inclination of ‘Umar’s nature. They knew that ‘Umar was a zealous adherent of his forefathers’ religion and carried a bitter aversion to the new faith in his bosom. Khabbab Ibn Aratt secretly taught the Qur’an to Fatima bint al-Khattab after her conversion.
‘Umar planned to murder the Prophet (r). One day he sallied forth, with a sword hanging from his neck to find out the house near as-Safa where the Prophet (r) and his companions were reported to have assembled. Nu’aym Ibn ‘Abdullah, who belonged to ‘Umar’s tribe of Bani ‘Adiy and who had already acknowledged faith in the Prophet (r), happened to see ‘Umar along the way armed and fiercely agitated. He asked, “Umar, where are you going?”
“I seek for Muhammed,” was ‘Umar’s reply, “And I will slay him; he has forsaken our religion, shattered the unity of the Quraysh; ridiculed them and vilified their gods. Today I will settle the matter once and for all.”
“Anger has blinded you,” retorted Nu’aym, “Would it not be better to set your own family in order?”
‘Umar was taken aback. He asked, “And who are they in my family?”
Nu’aym replied, “Your brother-in-law and cousin Sa-id Ibn Zayd and your sister Fatima. They have given faith to Muhammed and accepted his religion. Better deal with them first.”
‘Umar immediately hurried on to the house of his sister. Khabbab was at that time reading the Soorah Ta Ha (20th Chapter of the Qur’an) to the couple from a manuscript he had with him. When they caught the footsteps of ‘Umar, Khabbab hid himself inside a small room whereas Fatima instantly concealed the manuscript beneath her thigh. But as ‘Umar had already heard Khabbab reciting the scripture, he demanded on entering the house, “What was this nonsense murmur that I heard?’
“Nothing”, both answered, but “What have you heard?”
“Yes, I accidentally discovered,” continued ‘Umar angrily. “I know that both of you have joined the sect of Muhammed.” With these words, ‘Umar threw himself upon his brother-in-law. Fatima rushed in to save her husband, but ‘Umar struck her hard and wounded her.
All this happened abruptly, but now, both husband and wife boldly and openly asserted: “Yes, we are Muslims; we believed in Allah and His Prophet (r); do whatever you will.”
‘Umar saw the blood flowing from the wound he had inflicted on his sister; his anger gave in to shame coupled with admiration for his sister's courage. Cooled down, he asked for the manuscript that he had heard Khabbab reading. He said “Show me the manuscript. I want to know what Muhammed has brought.” In reality, ‘Umar knew the art of reading and writing.
Fatima, however, replied, “I fear what you might do with it.”
“Umar promised, with solemn assurance, not to destroy it. Fatima, too, thought that he might change his views after reading the scripture. She said to him politely but firmly, “My brother, you are unclean because of your polytheism, and only the pure can touch it.” ‘Umar rose and took a bath. His sister then gave him the pages on which Soorah Ta Ha was written. He had read only a few lines when he exclaimed in amazement,
“How noble and sublime is this speech!”
Thereupon Khabbab came out of his concealment and said, “O ‘Umar, by God, I hope that Allah would bless you with His Prophet's (r) call; for I heard him just last night imploring earnestly; "O Allah, strengthen Islam by Abul Hakam (Abu Jahl) or ‘Umar Ibn al-Khattab. Now, ‘Umar have some fear of God.”
‘Umar asked Khabbab to lead him to the Prophet (r) so that he might accept Islam. On being told by Khabbab that the Prophet (r) was in a house at as-Safa with his companions, ‘Umar immediately took his sword and headed for him. When ‘Umar knocked at the door indicated by Khabbab, one of the companions got up through a chink in the door to be sure of the person. Seeing ‘Umar with his sword on, he hurried back, appalled, to report, “Prophet of Allah! ‘Umar Ibn al-Khattab is here armed with his sword.”
Hamza intervened to say, “Let him in. If he comes with a peaceful intent, then it is alright, but if not, therewith we will kill him with his own sword.” The Prophet (r) ordered the companion to open the door for ‘Umar to enter and thus join them.
As ‘Umar entered through the door, the Prophet (r) went forth to meet him in the room. He seized his cloak and pulling it rather firmly, said to him, “What for have you come, O son of Khattab? By God, I see that some calamity is to befall you before you have the final summons.”
But ‘Umar replied submissively, “O Messenger of Allah! I have come to attest my faith in Allah and His Prophet and what he has brought from God.”
The Prophet (r) raised the cry of Allah-O-Akbar so loudly that all the companions present in the house came to know that ‘Umar had just accepted Islam (Ibn Hisham, Vol. I, pp. 342-46).
‘Umar’s conversion was a turning point in the fortunes of Islam as it made Muslims feel all the more confident and strengthened. Hamza had already accepted Islam beforehand, and now with ‘Umar’s conversion, the Muslims knew that it was likely to send the Quraysh in jitters. They were particularly embittered on learning of ‘Umar’s conversion. The Muslims were thus right in their reckoning for none of those who had embraced Islam in the past made such a stir nor created such a tense excitement and impact as did that of ‘Umar’s.
‘Umar proclaimed his faith publicly. As soon as the Quraysh came know about, they drew the sword against him but found the same person prepared to take the course. Ultimately, with his inherent might, the people who valued their lives did not dare put up a clash with ‘Umar but decided rather to keep their hands off him. (Ibn Hisham, Vol. I, p. 349)
Boycott of Bani Hashim
The spread of Islam among the tribes further aggravated the resentment of the Quraysh. They came together and decided to draw up a decree ostracizing Bani Hashim and Bani ‘Abdul Muttalib. It was decided that nobody should marry the women of these two clans nor give their women to them in marriage; neither should they buy from nor sell to them. Having solemnly agreed to these points, the agreement was put into writing and the parchment was hung in the Ka'bah in order to give it a religious sanction thereby making it mandatory for all.
THE VALLEY OF SH’EB ABI TALIB
Bani Hashim and Bani Abdul Muttalib joined Abu Talib after the boycott was enforced and withdrew to a narrow glen or wadi known as Sh’eb Abi Talib. It was the seventh year of the Prophet's (r) mission. Abu Lahab Ibn ‘Abdul Muttalib, however, decided to join with the Quraysh, leaving his kith and kin covered by the ban.
Weeks and months had passed, and the people of Hashim lived in misery and hunger. The ban was so rigorously enforced that the Prophet's (r) clan was reduced to eating acacia leaves and the cries of hungry children reverberated all over the valley. The caravans passed peacefully through the streets of Makkah but the Quraysh told the merchants not to buy from or sell anything to the two forsaken clans. This resulted to the prices being pegged so high that it was extremely impossible for the beleaguered people to purchase even their basic necessities.
The decree of proscription lasted for three years and for the same number of years Bani Hashim and Bani ‘Abdul Muttalib lived in exile and endured the hardships of a blockade. But not all Quraysh people were utterly humiliated and deprived. Those of them who were good-natured and kindhearted occasionally supplied food secretly to those who are in exile. However, the Prophet (r) never ceased preaching the message he had brought to his own people and even towards others, whenever he got the opportunity. Bani Hashim on their part endured every trouble with exemplary patience and fortitude.
ANNULMENT OF THE DECREE
The pitiable condition of the exiles gave rise to a feeling of resentment against the ban confronting the gracious and genial sons of the desert. Hisham Ibn ‘Amr Ibn Rabi’a took the initiative to end the boycott. He was amiable and kindhearted, as well as highly esteemed by the Quraysh. He approached some other considerate and well-disposed persons and put them to shame for allowing tyranny to linger on. At last, Hisham, supported by four other persons agreed to stand together till the decree of boycott was cancelled. Then, when the Quraysh had assembled in the sanctuary, Zuhayr whose mother ‘Atika was daughter of ‘Abdul Muttalib, cried out to the people, “O ye people of Makkah, shall we eat and drink while Bani Hashim should die of hunger, unable even to buy or sell? By God I will not take rest until this cruel and unjust decree is torn into pieces.”
Abu Jahl tried to intervene but found everybody against him. Mut’im Ibn ‘Adiy then went up to tear the document into pieces but discovered that with the exception of the words “In Your Name, O Allah” the rest of the document had already been eaten up by white ants. The Prophet (r) had already told his uncle, Abu Talib, that God has given the white ants power over the document.
The blighted document was, however, taken out and thrown away and thus ended the boycott and everything that was written on it. (Ibn Hisham, Vol. I, pp. 350-51)
Lessons to be Learned from this Period of History:
Muhammed was neither seeking
Prophethood nor was he dreaming about it. Allah used to inspire his heart to
seek seclusion in order to worship and purify his soul, and to prepare his
spirit to carry out the duties of the message. If Allah's Messenger was seeking
for it, he would not have been frightened when it came to him. When Muhammed
came from the mountain in order to ask Khadijah (May Allah be pleased with her)
about the incident, which took place in the cave, he was not assured that he
was a Messenger until he saw Gabriel and heard him say, "O Muhammed, you
are Allah's Messenger and I am Gabriel." Waraqah ibn Naufal and Khadijah
(May Allah be pleased with her) assured him that what he saw in the cave was
the same revelation as that which came to Moses.
Allah's Messenger surprised the Arabs with something unfamiliar, thus they objected to it vehemently. Their primary concern was to put an end to the Prophet (r) and his companions. This is a historical refutation to those who claim that Muhammed was a preacher of nationalism and that he represented the hopes and aspirations of the Arabs at that time. This is a ridiculous claim because the historical events belie this notion, as we have witnessed. Those who made such remarks were simply biased in their nationalistic views and this led them to claim that Islam was a matter that originated from the Arabs and their thought. This is a clear denial of the prophecy of the Messenger and an insult to the message of Islam.
The phrase, which the Prophet (r) uttered to his uncle and his rejection of the offer of the Quraysh, is evidence that the Prophet (r) was truthful in his proclamation of Allah's message and his desire to guide the people to the straight path. In the same way, the caller must be persistent and determined with their call no matter how gravely the wrongdoers oppose them. They must turn away from their temptations of honor and positions because the adversities disputing the path of truth should bring comfort to their consciences and hearts. Furthermore, Allah's pleasure and His Paradise should be more valuable to them than the entire honor, positions, and wealth combined in this world.
The order of the Messenger (r) to his companions (May Allah be pleased with them) concerning the first and second emigrations to Christian Abyssinia is an indication that the ties among religious people, even if their religions are different, are stronger and more reliable than their attachment those bereft of religious sensibilities. The revealed religions, in their authentic and agreed upon sources and principles, adhere to the greater social objectives in the same way that they are in agreement concerning belief in Allah, His Messengers and the Last Day. This makes the relation between them stronger than any bond based on family ties, blood or country with those who have no God-consiousness.
The Year of Grief
DEATH OF ABU TALIB AND KHADIJAH
Soon after the end of the boycott, in the tenth year of his mission, the Prophet (r) lost his uncle, Abu Talib and his loving wife, Khadijah. Both were his protectors, tried and true helpers and devotedly attached to him. Their deaths meant a great loss to the Prophet (r) who at that time was already destined to encounter as many adversities in succession soon thereafter.
SPARKLING ELOQUENCE OF THE QUR’AN
Tufayl Ibn ‘Amr al-Daust was a prominent poet honored by the Arabs. When he came to Makkah, some of the Quraysh warned him against meeting the Prophet (r). They told him, as usual, that Muhammed had created dissension among the Quraysh and so he had to be careful lest he should also fall under the Prophet’s evil spell. Tufayl relates: “By God, they were so insistent that I decided not to listen or speak to him. I went as far as to stuff cotton in my ears before going to the holy mosque. Accidentally, my eyes captured the Prophet who was offering prayer near me. I stood by his side and thus God caused me to hear something of his speech. It was beautiful and noble. I thought, that my mother might curse me, for I am a poet and the connoisseur for nothing good or evil in a speech can elude me. Why should anything prevent me from listening to his speech? If it is good, then I shall accept it, but if contrarily bad, I shall reject it.”
He met the Prophet (r) at his house where he invited him to accept Islam and recited the Qur’an to him. Tufayl embraced Islam and went back to his tribe determined to preach the faith of God. He refused to do anything with his household members until they had also acknowledged God and His Prophet (r). All of them became Muslims and Islam spread thereafter in the tribe of Daus. (Ibn Hisham, Vol. I, pp. 382-384)
Abu Bakr used to pray within his house. Not being satisfied with it, he further selected a place in the courtyard of his residence where he started offering prayers and reciting the Qur’an. Abu Bakr was tenderhearted and when he recited the Qur’an, shedding tears all the while, youths, slaves and women used to gather around him listening to his recitation. Now, the Qurayshite chiefs got alarmed at Abu Bakr’s open recital of the Qur’an so he sent for Ibn al-Dughunna who had pledged protection for him. When Ibn al Dughunna came, they said to him, “We accepted your pledge of protection for Abu Bakr on the condition that he prays inside his house but he has started praying and reciting in the open. We fear he might seduce our women and children. Now, if he agrees to offer his prayers secretly within his house, it is well and good, otherwise he should avert your protection. We neither want to make you break your word nor can we allow him to do it openly.”
Ibn al-Dughunna informed Abu Bakr of what he had been told by the Quraysh, but he replied, “I renounce your guardianship; I am contented with the protection and custody of my Lord.” (Al-Bukhaari, On the authority of ‘Aisha, Chapter. Hijrah.)
Journey to Taif
The death of Abu Talib signaled the beginning of a difficult period for the Prophet (r). None of the Qurayshites dared touch the Prophet (r) during the lifetime of Abu Talib, but now the restraint was gone. In one instance, dust was thrown over his head. And to make matters far worse, the Quraysh, moved by the desire to impose themselves upon the Prophet (r), insulted and mocked at him and made caustic remarks on Islam. When the pagans persisted with their mockery and sarcasm as well as resolute behavior, the Prophet (r) thought of going to Ta’if to seek the help of the tribe of Thaqif. The Prophet (r) intended to invite them to Islam for he believed that they would receive his message with sympathy. His expectation was apparently well grounded as he had spent his childhood with Bani S’ad who were settled near Ta’if.
Ta’if was a delightful city, second only to Makkah in its population and prosperity, holding an important position in the Peninsula as alluded to in this verse of the Qur’an.
“And they say: If only this Qur’an had been revealed to some great man of the two towns?” (meaning: Makkah and Ta’if) [Qur'an (43:31)]
Taif was also a religious center since pilgrims from every part of the country visit its so-called “Temple of al-Lat” and thus, it competed with Makkah in such respect for the latter housed Hubal, the chief deity of Arabia. Ta’if was, as it still is today, the summer resort of the Makkan aristocracy. An Umayyad poet, ‘Umar Ibn Rabi’a said about his beloved:
“Winter in Makkah, living in clover, In Ta’if she spends the
summer.”
The inhabitants of Ta’if, endowed with diversified large
farms and vineyards, were wealthy and prosperous. They had become conceited and
boastful embodying the following description of the Qur’anic verse:
“And we sent not unto any township a Warner, but it's pampered ones declared: Lo! we are disbeliever's in that which ye bring unto us. And they say: We are more (than you) in wealth and children. We are not the punished!” [Qur'an (35:34-5)]
In Taif, the Prophet (r) first met the chiefs and leaders of Thaqif whom he invited to accept Islam. They were, however, rude and discourteous in their treatment of the Prophet (r). Not being content with their insolent reply, they even stirred up some gangs of the town to harass him. These riff-raffs followed the Prophet (r), abusing and crying and throwing stones on him, until he was compelled to take refuge in an orchard. The Prophet (r) consequently had to endure even more obstacles in Ta’if than he had to face in Makkah. These ruffians, based on either side of the path, threw stones at him until his feet were injured and smeared with blood. These oppressions grievously dejected the Prophet (r), whereby being in such a state of depression, a prayer citing his helplessness and pitiable condition and seeking the aid of God spontaneously came thru his lips:
“O Allah”, said the Prophet (r), “To Thee I complain of my weakness, resourcelessness and humiliation before the people. You art the Most Merciful, the Lord of the weak and my Master. To whom wilt You confide me? To one estranged, bearing ill will, or, an enemy given power over me? If You art not worth on me, I care not, for Your favor is abundant upon me. I seek refuge in the light of Your countenance by which all darkness is dispelled and every affair of this world and the next is set right, lest Your anger should descend upon me or Your displeasure light upon me. I need only Your pleasure and satisfaction for only You enablest me to do good and evade the evil. There is no power and no might save in thee.”
The Lord then sent the angel of mountains who sought the Prophets (r) permission to join together the two hills between which Ta’if was located but the Messenger of God (r) replied, “No, I hope God will bring forth from their loins people who will worship God alone, associating nothing with Him.” (Muslim, Kitab-ul-Jihad).
Moved to compassion by the grief of the Prophet (r), ‘Utbah and Shayba Ibn Rabi’a sent for ‘Addas, one of their young Christian slaves, and told him to take a bunch of grapes on a platter for the Prophet (r) to which the bondman obeyed. While in the Prophet’s presence, Addas observed his kind demeanor that compelled him to talk to him and instantly professed his faith in Allah and His Prophet (r).
The Prophet (r) then returned to Makkah where the Quraysh were as bitterly opposed to him as ever, deriding, annoying and assailing him day after day.
The Ascension
It
was during this period that the Prophet (r) found himself transported at night to the
Ka'bah and from there to the place in Jerusalem, where Masjid-ul-Aqsa now
stands. Then he was borne to the celestial regions where he witnessed the seven
heavens, met the Prophets of yore and saw the remarkable signs of divine
majesty about which the Qur’an says:
“The eye turned not aside nor yet was overbold, verily he saw one of the greater revelations of his Lord.” [Qur'an (53:17-8)]
Occurrence of the event at that time was meant to confer dignity upon the Prophet (r) ; it signified something like viands of higher regale in order to console and alleviate the feelings of distress caused to him by the persecution of the pagans at Ta’if. After the Ascension incident, the Prophet (r) told the people about his nocturnal journey, but the Quraysh mocked him and shook their heads stating that it was inconceivable and beyond the bounds of reason.
When Abu Bakr (t) saw the Quraysh accusing the Prophet (r) of falsehood he said, “What makes you wonder about it? If he said this, then it must be true. By God, he tells me that the revelation descends upon him from Heaven in a flash or in an instant during the day or night and I testify for him. This is even more unimaginable and difficult than what seems to astound you." (Ibn Kathir, Vol. II, p. 96, Ibn Hisham, Vol. I, p. 399)
REAL SIGNIFICANCE OF ASCENSION
The ascension did not occur in a routine or ordinary run of things only to demonstrate the profound phenomena of the Kingdom of God in the Heavens and the earth to the Prophet (r) of Islam. More than that, such a prophetic journey of tremendous importance alludes to a number of other significant and complex realities of far-reaching concern to humanity. The two Soorahs of Isra and An-Najm revealed in connection with this heavenly journey indicate that Muhammed was charged with the office of Prophethood for both the Houses of God, those in Jerusalem and Makkah, and was sent as the leader of the east and the west or the entire human race ‘til the end of time. As the inheritor of all the Prophets of old, he represented the fulfillment and consummation of mankind’s religious development. His nightly journey from Makkah to Jerusalem expresses, in a figurative way, that his personality conformed and alluded to the oneness of Bait-ul-Haram (K’aba at Makkah) and Masjid-ul-Aqsa in Jerusalem. That all the Prophets arrayed themselves behind him in Masjidul-Aqsa shows that the doctrine of Islam, preached by him, was final, universal and all comprehensive--meant for every class and section of human society throughout the ages.
The event is, at the same time, indicative of the comprehensiveness of the Prophet's Prophethood, the place accorded to his followers in the great task of humanity’s guidance and the distinctive character of his message.
The ascension of the Prophet (r) represents a demarcation line between the regional, limited and variable rules of divine guidance entrusted to the Prophets of old and the global, comprehensive and abiding principles of faith conferred to the universal leader of human race. Had the Prophet (r) been a sectional or regional guide, a national leader, the savior of any particular race or the restorer of the glory of any particular people, there would have been no need to honor him with ascension to the heavens nor would he have been required to perceive the hidden phenomena of the Heavens and the earth. Nor would it have been necessary to create a new link between the celestial and the earthly surface of the Divine Kingdom; in that case the confines of his own land, his surroundings environs and the times would have been sufficient enough and there would have been no need for him to divert his attention to any other land or country. Neither his ascension to the most sublime regions of the Heavens and to the “Lote-Tree of the Farthest Limit” nor even the nocturnal journey to the far away Jerusalem, then in the grip of the powerful Christian Empire of Byzantium, would have been necessary at all.
The ascension of the Prophet (r) was a divine proclamation that he had nothing to do with the category of national or political leaders whose endeavours are limited to their own country and nation. For they serve the nations and races to which they belong and are a product of their time, they serve the need of a particular juncture. The Prophet (r) of Islam, on the contrary, belonged to the luminous line of the Messengers of God who communicate the inspired message of Heaven to the earth. They are links between God and his creatures. Their messages transcend the limitations of time and space, race and color and country or nation, for they are meant for the exaltation of man irrespective of color, race or country.
OBLIGATORY PRAYER
On this occasion, God made fifty prayers a day obligatory for the Prophet (r) and his followers. The Prophet (r) constantly implored God for the reduction of the burden of prayers until the Lord was also pleased to limit these to only five times daily. The Lord was also pleased to declare that whoever properly performs these five times daily prayers would be recompensed for all the fifty daily prayers enjoined earlier. (Al-Bukhaari, Kitab-us-Salat)
TRIBES INVITED TO ISLAM
Thereafter the Prophet (r) started convening the members of different tribes who came to Makkah for the pilgrimage. He used to explain to them the doctrine of Islam and to solicit support in his mission. He often told the tribesmen. “O ye people, I have been sent to you as the Messenger of God (r) for asking you to worship Him, to call on you to associate nothing with Him and to renounce everything you have elevated as His co-equal. Believe in God and His Prophet (r) and protect me until I have explained that which God has sent to me.”
Whenever the Prophet (r) counseled any tribe and finished talking to it, Abu Lahab usually stood up to say, “O ye people, this fellow wants you to cast off your obedience to Al-Lat and Al-Uzza and your allies, the Jinn and to exchange your Gods from the wickedness and innovation he has brought. Don’t take orders from him nor pay any heed to him. (Ibn Hisham, Vol. pp. 422-23)
Risky Path of Islam
The way leading to Allah and Islam was becoming ever more dangerous. Makkah had become so unsafe and vulnerable for the Muslims that acceptance of Islam meant taking one’s life in one’s hand.
The story of Abu Dharr Ghifari’s conversion to Islam as told by ‘Abdullah Ibn ‘Abbas shows how perilous it had become even to call upon the Prophet (r) in those days.
“When Abu Dharr heard of the advent of the Prophet (r) , he said unto his brother: ‘Proceed to that valley and enlighten me about the man who claimeth to be a Prophet (r) and to receive communication from Heaven. Listen to some of his sayings and then return unto me.’ So the brother went forth, reached the Prophet (r) and heard some of his sayings. Thereafter, he returned to Abu Dharr and said unto him: ‘I found that he enjoineth the highest principles of morality and that his speech is not poetry.’ - But (Abu Dharr) said: You have not been able to satisfy me.
“Thereupon he took some provisions, together with an old waterskin full of water, and proceeded to Makkah. Then he went to the mosque (K’aba) and began exploring for the Prophet (r) for he knew him not and was reluctant to ask about him and thus he spent part of the night. Thereupon ‘Ali saw him and recognized the same to be a stranger and when Abu Dharr met ‘Ali, he went with him (to the latter’s house). Until daybreak, neither of the two asked any questions of each other. Then once again he (Abu Dharr) went with his waterskin and his provisions to the mosque and allowed that day to pass ‘til evening without finding the Prophet (r), although the latter saw him from there. Then he returned to his resting-place. While in there, ‘Ali passed by him and said: “Is it not time that a man should know his abode?” And his remarks made him rise and finally brought him to his house, with neither of the two asking any questions of each other, too. And on the third day ‘Ali did likewise, and he (‘Abu Dharr) stayed with him.
Thereafter ’Ali said: “Will you not tell me what had brought you here?”
Abu Dharr answered: “I will do so only if you promise me that you will guide me right”, whereupon ‘Ali agreed outright. After that, Abu Dharr told him all.
Then,
‘Ali said: “Behold, it is true, and he is indeed an Prophet (r) of God! Tomorrow morning, you follow me. If
indeed I see any danger for you, I will stop as if to pass water; but if I go
on, then follow me and enter in whichever place I do.” Abu Dharr did so,
following ‘Ali until he finally found the Prophet’s house and entered in it
together with him ‘Ali. Then he listened to some of the Prophet’s sayings and
embraced Islam on the spot.
Thereupon the Prophet (r) said unto him: “Return unto your people and
inform them about me and await my bidding.”
After which, Abu Dharr said: “By Him in whose hand is my soul, indeed I shall loudly proclaim the truth among them!”
Then he left and went to the mosque and called out at the top of his voice. He proceeded to say: “I bear witness that there is no deity but God, and that Muhammed is His Prophet (r).” Thereupon, the people of Makkah broke upon him, beat him and then threw him into the ground. At such juncture, Al-‘Abbas came, knelt down to see him and said to the people: “Woe unto you, know ye not that he belongeth to the tribe of Ghifar and that your merchants’ road to Syria passeth through their country?” Thus, Al-‘Abbas rescued him from them.
That incident did not stop Abu Dharr from doing the same thing again, prompting the people (of Makkah) to impose themselves over him anew, whereupon Al-Abbas came once more to his redemption.” (Al-Bukhaari, Section: Abu Dharr’s conversion to Islam).
Beginning of Islam among the Ansar
The Prophet (r) met some of the people from the town of Yathrib (Madinah) belonging to the trbe Khazraj at ‘Aqabah when he went to preach Islam to the tribes throughout the tenure of pilgrimage. He told them about Islam and called on them to serve God alone, reciting some Qur’anic verses in the process. As these people lived in Yathrib side by side with the Jews who often told them that a Prophet of God was soon to come, they said to one another: “By God, this is the same thing that the Jews informed us; Lo, nobody should now get ahead of you.” Thereupon they accepted his teachings and embraced Islam. They also said to the Prophet (r), “When we left our people, conflict and hatred divided them more than any other. Perhaps God will unite them through you. We shall inform them to accept this religion of yours which has been accepted by us, and if God unites them on you, then no man shall be honored more than you.” (Ibn Hisham, Vol. I, pp. 428-29)
These men returned to their homes after accepting Islam, where they told others about the Prophet (r) and invited them to accept the new faith. Islam quickly spread in Madinah until there was no home left of the Ansaar ("supporters" as the people if Madinah were to be known) wherein the Prophet (r) was not mentioned. (Ibn Hisham, Vol. I, pp. 428-29)
FIRST PLEDGE OF ‘AQABAH
At the pilgrimage the next year, twelve men belonging to the Ansaar met the Prophet (r) at ‘Aqabah. They pledged themselves to the Prophet (r) vowing neither to commit theft nor fornication, nor to kill their children, to obey him in what was right, and to associate nothing with God. When these people left Madinah, the Prophet (r) sent Mus’ab Ibn ‘Umayr (t) with them to teach the Qur’an to the people there as well as to expound Islam and instruct them about the religion; wherefore ‘Umayr came to be called “The reader” in Madina. He lived with As’ad Ibn Zurara and also led prayers. (Ibn Hisham Vol. I, p. 434)
THE REASON FOR ANSAAR’S
ACCEPTANCE OF ISLAM
It was a critical juncture when God afforded the opportunity of helping and defending Islam to the Aus and the Khazraj, the two influential tribes of Yathrib. For there was nothing more precious at the moment than to own and accept Islam, they were really fortunate in getting the most relevant and timely opportunity to take precedence over all other tribes of Hijaz in welcoming and defending the religion of God. They overshadowed their compatriots since all the tribes of Arabia, in general, and the Quraysh, in particular, had proven themselves ungrateful as well as incompetent to take advantage of the greatest favor bestowed upon them.
“And Allah guides whom He wills to a straight path”
[Qur'an (2:213)]
Diverse causes and circumstances, proceeding from the will of Almighty God, had opened the door for the acceptance of Islam by the Aus and the Khazraj. These tribes were not of the Makkahn Qurayshites type for unlike them, the Aus and the Khazraj were kind-hearted and sweet-tempered, immune from the Qurayshite traits of immoderation, stubbornness and vanity, and hence they were responsive, open to reason. These were the characteristics inherited from their progenitors, the Yemenites, about whom the Prophet (r) had remarked after meeting one of their deputations: “The people of Yemen have come to you, and they have the tenderest hearts.” Both these tribes of Yathrib originally belonged to Yemen for their forefathers had come down from there. Commending the merits of these people, God has said in the Qur’an:
“Those who entered the city and the faith before them love those who flee unto them for refuge, and find in their breast no need for that which hath been given them, but prefer the fugitives above themselves though poverty becomes their lot.” [Qur'an 59:9]
Another reason was that continuous internecine fighting had already exhausted both tribes. Enervated and distracted by the famous battle of Bu’ath fought a short time ago (about 615 AD), the said tribes were desirous of peace and harmony and wanted to avoid renewal of warfare. Such was their anxiety for peace that the first Muslims of Madinah had said to the Prophet (r), “When we left our people, discord and conflict and enmity divided them more than any other. Perhaps God will unite them through you, and if God unites them on you, then no other man will be more than honored as you do.”
‘Aisha once said that the battle of Bu’ath was really a divine intervention and a blessing in disguise which served as a prelude to the Prophet’s migration to Madinah.
Yet another reason was that the Quraysh, like the rest of the Arabian tribes, had for a long time lost touch with Prophethood and the Prophets and had hardly any recollection of their teachings. Deeply immersed in ignorance and idolatry as well as being completely strangers to the arts of reading and writing, they had become overzealous heathens; actually, they had but little contacts even with the Jews and Christians, the followers of the Prophets and their scriptures (although these had since been distorted). This was plain, plum fact to which the Qur’an makes a reference in these words:
“In order that you may warn a people whose forefathers were not warned, so they are heedless“
[Qur'an (36:6)]
But the Aus and the Khazraj were neighbours of Yathrib Jews whom they heard talking about the Prophets and reciting their scriptures. The Jews often thereatened them that a Prophet (r) was to come in the later times with whom they would ally themselves and kill the heathens just as the people of ‘Ad and Iram were massacred. (Tafsir Ibn Kathir, Vol. I, p. 217)
“And when there cometh unto them a Scripture from Allah, confirming that in their possession - though before disbelieved - and when there cometh unto them that which they know (to be the Truth) they disbelieve therein. The curse of Allah is on disbelievers.” [Qur'an (2:89)]
Aus and Khazraj as well as other Arab tribes settled in Madinah were heathens like the idolatrous Quraysh and the rest of the Arabs. But unlike them, they had become accustomed to the idea of revelation in the form of a scripture of supernatural origin, prophecy, Prophetship, inspiration, requital and the hereafter. This was courtesy of their uninterrupted association with the Jews of the city from whom they had business transactions, made war and peace and lived side by side. They had, thus, come to know the teachings of the Prophets of old and the reason why God sends them from time to time. This was of great advantage to these people, for, when they learned about the Prophet (r) on the occasion of Hajj at Makkah, they at once grabbed the opportunity as if they were already prepared for it.
Importance of Madinah
Apart from the great honor to be bestowed upon the people of Madinah and such other reasons accessible only to the All-knowing God, one of the considerations in the selection of the town as the future center of Islam was that it was, from a strategic point of view brought about by its geography and defense, impregnable like a fortified city. No other town of the Arabian Peninsula enjoyed the same advantage. Lying in a lava plain, surrounded on all sides by chains of high mountains, the Western side of the city is protected by the lava and extremely uneven hilly terrain known as Harratal-al-Wabra while Harra-al-Waqim surrounds it on the eastern side. Madinahh lies unprotected and open to military advance only in the north (where, in 5 A.H., the Prophet (r) ordered to dig trenches on the occasion of the battle of clans). Thickly clustered plantations of date-palm groves encompassed the town on the remaining sides. An army taking this route would have had to maintain communications through deep valleys and ravines. Thus, it would have been difficult to attack Madinah in full force from these sides while the defenders could have easily conquered the invaders through small outlying pickets.
Ibn Is’haq writes: “Only one side of Madinah was exposed, and the rest of the sides were strongly protected by buildings and date-palm groves through which an enemy could not get access.”
The Prophet (r) had perhaps covertly referred to this very aspect of Madinah when he said before his migration: “I have been shown the goal of your migration - a land of palm-trees lying between two tracts strewn with black, rugged stones.” All those who resolved upon migration proceeded thereupon to Madinah. (Al-Bukhari).
The two Arab tribes of Madinah, the Aus and the Khazraj, were well known for their passionate, chauvinistic spirit of the clan; self-respect, boldness and valor while riding horses was one of the manly skills in which they excelled. Freedom of the desert was in their blood: neither had they ever submitted to any authority nor paid impost to a sovereign. The heroic character of these tribes was plainly set forth when the chief of Aus, S’ad Ibn Mu’adh had said to the Prophet (r) during the battle of Trenches: “When we and these people were polytheist and idolaters, not serving God nor knowing Him, they never hoped to eat a single date except as guests or by a purchase.” (Ibn Hisham, Vol. II, p. 289)
“The two clans of Yathrib...” writes Ibn Khaldun, “...dominated over the Jews and were distinguished because of their prestige and eminence. The tribe of Mudar, which was just around the vicinity, was cognate with them." (Tarikh Ibn Khaldun, Vol. II, p. 289)
Ibn ‘Abd-I-Rabbehi, another Arab historian, writes in the Al-‘Iqd al-Farid; “The Ansaar descended from the tribe of Azd. Known as Aus and Khazraj, they were lineal descendants of the two sons of Haritha Ibn ‘Amr Ibn Amir. Being more proud and dignified than others, they had never paid tribute to any regime or supremacy.” (Al-‘Iqd ul-Farid, Vol. III, p. 334)
They were related, on the material side, to the Banu ‘Adiy Ibn al-Najjar who had given one of their daughters, Salma bint ‘Amr, to Hashim in marriage. To Hashim she bore ‘Abdul Muttalib, but Hashim, however, left the boy with his mother in Yathrib where he was brought up and was taken to Makkah by his uncle after he had grown up into a youth. These blood relationships, which were the adhesive elements in tribal organization, cannot be ignored since kinship played an important role in the social life of the Arabs. On reaching Madinahh, the Prophet (r) stayed with Abu Ayyub Ansari who belonged to Banu ‘Adiy Ibn al-Najjar.
Aus and Khazraj traced back their roots from Qahtan while the Muslims hailing from Makkah or other places close to it claimed their descent from ‘Adnan. Thus, after the Prophet (r) migrated to Madinah and the Ansaar pledged their support to him, both the ‘Adnan and Qahtan had been at odds with one another during the pre-Islamic times but they were banded together in Madinah and thus the pagan passions of blood and clan, of vanity and pride and of contemptuous self-conceit were abolished by the wholesome influence of Islam.
For all these causes and considerations as well as for its strategic location, Madinah was the fittest place to be selected for the emigration of the Prophet (r) and his companions as it was eminently suited to be made the radiating center of Islam until it gained enough strength to prevail over the Peninsula and charged the whole country with a new spirit of virtue and godliness.
EXPANSION OF ISLAM IN MADINAH
The teachings of Islam were so appealing that the people of the Aus and the Khazraj, awakened to interest, quickly attested their faith in it. S’ad Ibn Mu’adh was the first to embrace, then Usayd Ibn Hudayr, the leader of Bani ‘Abdul Ash’hal, a clan of Aus followed suit. The wise and courteous stance of Mus’ab Ibn Umary, together with the proper manner in which he presented Islam to them, convinced these people of the truth that is Islam. Then the remaining clansmen of Bani ‘Abdul Ash’al were led to accept the faith such that shortly thereafter, there was not a house of the Ansaar in which a man or a woman had not given his or her faith to Islam. (Ibn Hisham, Vol. I, pp. 436-38)
THE SECOND PLEDGE OF ‘AQABA
In the next year, during Hajj, Mus’ab Ibn Umayr (t) went back to Makkah with a number of Ansaar Muslims and other polytheists of Madinah. After the Ansaar had performed their pilgrimage, the Prophet (r) met them at the previous year’s meeting place late in the middle of the night. At this time, there were seventy-three of them, including two women. The Prophet of God (r) came accompanied by his Uncle, ‘Abbas Ibn ‘Abdul Muttalib, who had still not embraced Islam.
The Prophet (r) talked to them, read some of the Qur’an and invited them to accept Islam. Then he said, “I invite your allegiance on a condition that you would protect me in the same way as you would your women and children.” They gave allegiance to the Prophet (r) but demanded that he would not leave them nor return to his own people. The Prophet (r) then said in reply, “I am of you and you are of me. I will fight against them that make war upon you and have peace with those that keep peace with you.”
Thereafter the Prophet (r) selected twelve of them, nine from the Khazraj and three from the Aus, as their leaders. (Ibn Hisham, Vol. I, pp. 436-38)
Rejection of Islam
Any new movement or cause that emerges for the first time in a society will be considered strange and unfamiliar and will be met with skepticism, apprehensiveness, and doubt and - in most cases - opposition, rejection and disapproval. The wider the gap between the society in its beliefs, customs and laws and the ideals of the new movement, the greater the conflict between the two.
The
pre-Islamic Arabs were a people beset by corruption, deviant beliefs, foolish
customs, and engrossed in idolatry. It was in stark contrast to the message
that the Prophet Muhammad (r) brought; a message that called on the
people to reject all of their false deities - their rocks and trees and idols -
and to purify all of their worship for Allah alone; The enormous difference
between pre-Islamic society and Islam was enough as a cause for the
difficulties that Islam and the early Muslims faced. However, there were some
other distinct and specific causes that deserve mentioning because of their
importance in explaining the hardships early Muslims had to endure.
First: The Weak
Influence of the Prophetic Legacy in the Arabian Peninsula
The influence of Prophethood and divine guidance was negligible in the Arabian Peninsula due to the fact that no Prophet was ever sent to the Arabian Peninsula before the coming of Muhammed (r), who was the last and final Prophet sent to all of mankind.
Allah, the Most High, informs us that the Arabs were never sent a Prophet in His statement: Or say they: “He (Muhammed) has fabricated it?” Nay, it is the truth from your Lord, so that you may warn a people to whom no warner has come before you [O Muhammed] in order that they may be guided. [Soorah As-Sajdah, Verse 3]
Allah also says: “In order that you may warn a people whose forefathers were not warned, so they are heedless.” [Soorah Yasin, Verse 7]
And Allah explains that no book was revealed to them nor was there any messenger sent to them in his statement:
“And We had not given them scriptures which they could study, nor sent to them before you [O Muhammed] any warner” (Messenger).”
Then Allah removed any excuse that the Arabs might have had for not following divine guidance by sending the Prophet Muhammed (r) right into their midst. Allah the Most High says in His book:
“And this is a blessed Book (the Qur’an) which We have sent down, so follow it and fear Allah (i.e. do not disobey His Orders), that you may receive mercy (i.e. be saved from the torment of Hell). Lest you (pagan Arabs) should say: “The Book was sent down only to two sects before us (the Jews and the Christians), and for our part, we were in fact unaware of what they studied.” Or lest you should say: “If only the book had been sent down to us, we would surely have been better guided than they.” So now has come unto you a clear proof (the Qur’an) from your Lord, and a guidance and a mercy…” [Soorah Al-An’am, verses 155-157]
As for the vestiges of the religion of Ibraheem that they inherited from their forefathers as well as the traces left by those Prophets and Messengers who came after him, all of that had become no more than ancient ceremonies practiced out of a desire to claim that they posessed some heritage from their forefather Ibraheem and the Prophets who came after him (u). However, the pre-Islamic Arabs strayed so far from the original forms of these religions that they even fashioned pictures of Ibraheem and Ismaeel to conform with the prevailing idolatry of the times.
In an authentic hadith narrated upon the authority of Ibn Abbas who said:
“When the Messenger of Allah (r) came to Makkah, he refused to enter the Ka'bah while there were idols in it. He ordered the idols to be taken out, so they were taken out. When they removed pictures of Ibraheem and Ismaeel holding Azlams in their hands, the Messenger of Allah (r) said: ‘May Allah curse these people. By Allah, Ibraheem and Ismaeel never played the game of chance with Azlams.’ Then he entered the Ka'bah and said Takbeer in the corners of the Ka'bah but he did not pray while inside.”
Even more lamentable was the fact that the Ka'bah, which is the very symbol of monotheism, was turned into a house of idols and eventually housed 360 idols in and around it! In an authentic hadith narrated upon the authority of Abd-Allah ibn Masud who said:
“When the Prophet (r) entered Makkah on the Day of the Conquest, there were three hundred and sixty idols around the Ka'bah. The Prophet started striking the idols with a stick he had in his hand, saying: ‘Truth has come and falsehood has vanished, the Truth has come and falsehood can neither create from the beginning nor can it restore life.’
The feeling that the pre-Islamic nation of Arabs had that they were the inheritors of the religion of Ibraheem and preservers of the religious rites that he came with and that they were the caretakers of the Ka'bah made it even more difficult for them to accept the message that the Prophet Muhammad (r) was sent with by his Lord.
When he called them to make all of their worship for Allah, Who is alone without partner and Who alone deserves to be worshipped, they said: “Has he made the gods all into One God (Allah). Verily this is a strange thing!” [Soorah Saad: Verse 5]
While at the same time they would acknowledge that which was in conformity with the message of monotheism in times of distress as is evident in Allah’s statement:
“And when they embark on a ship, they invoke Allah, making their faith pure for Him only: but when He brings them safely to land, behold, they give a share of their worship to others.” [Soorah Ankabauut: Verse 65]
And whenever the Prophet Muhammad (r) would warn them about the Day of Judgment they would deny all of the signs, proofs and evidences that the Day is in fact coming and they would say:
“When we are dead and have become dust (shall we be resurrected?) That is a far return.” [Soorah Qaf: Verse 3]
Second: The Fanatical
Adherence of the Pagan Arabs to the Cultural Heritage of their Ancestors
It was the practice of these idolaters to revere the customs of their forefathers doing. In fact it was the most important rule of their society and whoever hesitated about or rejected part of their culture was considered to have dishonored the ancestors As a result the biggest obstacle to the message of monotheism was ancestor worship in the form of blindly and unquestioningly following the customs and practices.
The pre-Islamic Arabs, when they were called to the Book that Allah had revealed and to the truth that the Prophet Muhammed (r) came with, they were stubborn and obstinate in their refusal and said: “Enough for us is that which we found our fathers following”! [Qur'an: Al-Ma’idah: Aayah 104]
They also said: “Nay! We shall follow what we found our fathers following.” [Qur'an Al-Baqarah: Aayah 170]
They
only resorted to this argument because they had no other excuse. Their argument
was not credible nor was it based upon sound reasoning nor did they have proof
from any book and it is for this reason that Allah said about them:
“Yet of mankind is he who
disputes about Allah without knowledge or guidance or a book giving light! And
when it is said to them: “Follow that which Allah sent down”, they say: “Nay,
we shall follow that which we found our fathers following.” [Qur'an:
Luqman, Aayah 20-21]
And in general this was how every nation of people rejected the Prophets and Messengers sent to them by Allah even though the message they were sent with was full of light and guidance. Allah documented in His Book what the unbelieving Arabs said as well as what all unbelievers say:
“Or have we given them any Book before this (the Qur’an) to which they are holding fast? Nay! They say: “We found our fathers following a certain way and religion, and we guide ourselves by their footsteps.” And similarly, We sent not a warner before you (O Muhammed) to any town (people) but the luxurious ones among them said: “We found our fathers following a certain way and religion, and we will indeed follow their footsteps.” (The warner) said: “Even if I bring you better guidance than that which you found your fathers following?” They said: “Verily, we disbelieve in that with which you have been sent.” [Qur'an: Az-Zukhruf: Aayah 21-24]
Third: Jewish and the
Christian Solidarity with the Pagan Arabs Against Islam
The Jews and Christians in Arabia were jealous because the newly revealed divine guidance was not revealed directly to them, so they were openly hostile to the message of Muhammed (r). The pagan Arabs respected and admired the Jews and the Christians because of the books and knowledge that they possessed. Since the Arab's idolatry was fundamentally opposed to the message of monotheism, they took the attitude of the People of the Book as a legitimation for their resistance to the message of Muhammed (r). Since the Jews and the Christians, who were the inheritors of books that had been previously revealed and more knowledgeable than them in matters of religion, denied the message of Muhammed (r) that they too should deny it as well! This argument turned out to be one of the strongest arguments that the pagan Arabs used to encourage each other to reject Islam. Allah says:
“And the leaders among them went about (saying): “Go on, and remain constant to your gods! Verily, this is a thing designed (against you)! We have not heard (the like) of this in the religion of these later days (i.e. Christianity). This is nothing but an invention!” [Qur'an : Sad : Verse 6-7]
This argument was apparently (and Allah knows best) based upon statements that the People of the Book made to the pagan Arabs in opposition to the Messenger Muhammed (r) since the Arabs did not have much knowledge about what was contained in the previously revealed books. Allah says in another place in the Qur’an, referring to statements that the Jews made to the pagan Arabs against those who believed in Allah’s oneness:
“Have you not seen those who were given a portion of the Scripture? They believe in Jibt and Taghut and say to the disbelievers that they are better guided as regards the way than the believers (Muslims). They are those whom Allah has cursed, and he whom Allah curses, you will not find for him any helper.” [Qur'an 4:51-52]
This was because the Jews allied themselves with the pagan Arabs in the fight against the Messenger of Allah (r) and gave credibility to their religion of idolatry, and because they preferred the pagan Arabs to the believers.
In a hadith narrated upon the authority of Ibn Abbas who said: “When K’ab ibn Al-Ashraf (a Jew) arrived in Makkah the Quraysh said to him: ‘Are you the best of the people of Medinah and their chief?’ He said: ‘yes.’ They said (asking about the Prophet (r)): ‘Have you not seen that man who has no sons who claims that he is better than we are? We are the people of Makkah who host the pilgrims and supply them with water and we are the caretakers of the Ka'bah.’ He (K’ab ibn Al-Ashraf) said: ‘You are better than him.’
(Then Allah) revealed the verse: “For he who hates you (O Muhammed), he will be cut off (from posterity and every good thing in this world and in the Hereafter)” [Soorah Al-Kauthar:Verse 3]
And Allah also revealed: “Have you not seen those who were given a portion of the scripture? They believe in Jibt and Taghut}…until the statement of Allah {and he whom Allah curses, you will not find for him (any) helper.” [Soorah An-Nisa:Verses 51-52]
These characteristics accurately portray Ka’b ibn Al-Ashraf (a Jew) who went to the pagan Arabs of the tribe of Quraysh hoping to mobilize an army to fight against the Prophet (r) saying to them: ‘Verily we will fight along with you against him…’
So those who were corrupt amongst the followers of the previously revealed religions who joined the ranks of the idolaters out of envy from their own selves, even after the truth that Muhammed is Allah’s Messenger became manifest unto them. They joined the ranks of the idolaters even though they were the first people who should have believed in the Qur’an and helped the Messenger and disbelieved in the idolatry of the pagan Arabs.
It is now possible for us to imagine some of the hardships that the Prophet Muhammed (r) had to endure along with those few believers who were with him. It was as if the whole world was against them and all of the different groups had unified in opposition to the believers. This was their condition from the very beginning of this new message until Allah caused Islam to take firm root in the hearts of the Ansaar in the city of Medinah and the first Islamic state was established.
Fourth: Authority Held
By Tribal Chieftains
The Arabs were a tribal people with deep-rooted practices that governed most aspects of their lives. These included their notions of nobility, rulership, and political power and led to tribal conflicts and struggles for dominance.
When Allah chose Muhammed (r) to be a Prophet and Messenger, he was from amongst the elite of his people since he had the blood of two noble families. The family of Abdu-Manaf on his father’s side and Zuhra on his mother's. He was from amongst the nobles of the tribe of Quraysh and from the clan of Bani Hashim, which was the noblest bloodline of the Arabs. Muhammed was also known to be very well mannered, generous and kind natured. Far from having any of the defects in his character that the people commonly boasted about in their ignorance and untouched by any blemishes on his reputation because Allah the Most High was always protecting him and guarding him from every suspicion or short coming.
However in spite of all that, he did not become leader of his tribe for many reasons related to age and other circumstances on the one hand, and on the other because of Allah’s divine wisdom and secret protection of the message of Islam from being mixed up with worldly ambitions that insincere people are drawn to.
As a result, one of the reasons the pagan Arabs rejected Islam was because they wondered amongst themselves why Muhammed was chosen for this mission.
That was because they did not fully realize the virtue of his moral excellence and the special quality of his personality. Therefore they were not of the opinion that he was better than them or their equal rather they thought that such and such person from the great, important men of distinction from one of the tribes should have been chosen to bring the message. Allah the Most High says:
And they say: “Why is not this Qur’an sent down to some great man of the two towns (Makkah and Ta’if)?” [Soorah Az-Zukhruf, Verse 31]
Obviously the pagan Arabs had no business trying to involve themselves in the matter of Allah’s divine choosing of whomever He wills as a Prophet. Especially since they, with their corrupt souls and confused intellect and bad natures, refused to even follow the chosen Prophet of Allah (r)!
They even went to the extreme of requesting from Allah that every single one of them be raised to the position of a Prophet and Messenger and that angels come to them and that they be given revelation! As if each one of them could never follow anyone else! Allah the Most High says:
"And when there comes to them a sign (from Allah) they say: “We shall not believe until we receive the like of that which the Messengers of Allah had received.” Allah knows best with whom to place Message. Humiliation and disgrace from Allah and a severe torment will overtake the criminals (polytheists, sinners) for that which they used to plot." [Soorah Al-An’aam, Verse 124]
They attached great importance to themselves and haughtily refused to follow another human being even if he was a Prophet (r) who received revelation from the heavens. They proclaimed: “If you were to obey another human being like yourselves, then verily you indeed would be losers.” [Soorah Al-Mu’minun, Verse 34]
As a result of the importance of adhering to tribal customs regarding leadership, the people who were from the same clan as the Messenger Muhammed (r) refused to follow him, arguing that he was not a chieftain of their clan nor was he one who held a leadership position amongst them. Meanwhile those who were from a different clan refused in order to protect the status of their clan's. Those who were from a different tribe altogether rejected the message of Islam hoping to protect the status of their tribe by not following someone from a different tribe!
Once Abu Jahl and Abu Sufyan and Al-Akhnas ibn Shareeq listened to the Qur’an night after night. One morning Al-Akhnas ibn Shareeq went to Abu Jahl and asked: ‘O Abu Al-Hakam what do you think about that which you have heard from Muhammed?’ He replied: ‘What have I heard? He disputes with us and the honorable tribe of Abdu Manaf: they provided food and we have provided food, they have carried a burden and we have carried a burden, they gave and we gave until we became firmly united as if we had already mounted our fastest horses. They said: ‘Is there a Prophet (r) from amongst us who receives revelation from the sky! When will we ever be able to say this? By Allah we will never listen to him and we will never believe in him.’ Then Al-Akhnas ibn Shareeq arose and departed from Abu Jahl.
The opposition of the tribe of Quraysh heavily influenced the rest of the Arabs to oppose Islam. The influence of the Quraysh was so great that even if they had not exerted themselves in their resistance to Islam and in the defamation of the Prophet (r), they still would have swayed the people. That was because all of the Arabs looked to the Quraysh and waited for their approval. The tribe of Quraysh enjoyed a high status among the Arabs. The Arabs revered the Quraysh for many reasons, especially because they were the people who lived close to the Ka'bah and were the caretakers of Allah’s house.
Emigration to Madinah
THE EMIGRATION
Thanks to the allegiance and support offered by the Ansaar, the Muslims found a new rock of refuge. The Prophet (r) commanded the Muslims in Makkah to emigrate from Makkah and join their brothers-in-faith, the Ansaar, in Madinah. He told his companions, “God has provided to you some brethren and homes where you will live in safety.” So the Muslims departed, one small group after another, from Makkah to Yathrib, leaving the Prophet (r) behind in Makkah in anticipation of the command of Allah as to when he should leave the city.
But it was not easy to emigrate as the Quraysh decided at once to take stringent measures against them. The pagan Quraysh did everything they could to stop the exodus such as creating obstacles along the way of the emigrants to prevent their departure. The Muslims, though, were equally determined to leave at all costs. Some, like Abu Salama, had departed alone, leaving their wives and children, while others, like Suhayb, had to give up their life-long earnings before leaving Makkah. Umm Salama relates the following about her and her husband's departure:
“When Abu Salama had made up his mind to set out for Madinah, he saddled his camel and mounted me on it with my son Salama. Then, taking hold of the camel’s halter, he went ahead. When some of the men belonging to Bani al-Mughari saw him, they came near us saying, “It is alright so far as you are concerned, but how can we allow your wife to go with you?” They snatched the camel’s headstall from his hand and took me with them. At this crucial point, Banu ‘Abdul Asad, the clansmen of Abu Salama, got angry. They said: ‘By God, you have torn her from our brother, but we will not allow our son to go with her.” A scuffle started between them for the child Salama, until his arm was dislocated, and Bani Asad took him away leaving me with Bani al-Mughira while my husband went away to Madinah. Thus, all the three of us -- my self, my husband and my son were separated. I used to go out every morning to Abtah weeping till nightfall. A whole year passed in this manner when one of my cousins from Al-Mughira took pity on me and said to Bani al-Mughira: “Why don’t you let this poor woman go? You have separated her from her husband and son.” So they said to me: “You can go to your husband if you like.” Then Banu Asad reunited me with my son. I saddled my camel and taking the child with me, set out for Madinah in search of my husband accompanied by not a blessed soul with me. When I arrived at Tan’im I happened to meet ‘Uthman Ibn Talha of Bani ‘Abdul-Dar who asked me where I intended to go. I replied that I was going to my husband in Medinah. He asked if I had anybody with me to which I said in reply, ‘None save this child and God.’ He said, ‘By God, it is not easy for you to reach your destination’. He took hold of the camel’s rope and went ahead leading it. I swear, I have never met a man nobler than he. Whenever we had to stop, he used to kneel the camel and withdraw; after I had got down, he used to unload the camel, tie it to a tree and go away to take rest under a tree. In the evening, he used to saddle the camel and load it, and then withdrew asking me to ride; he came back after I had mounted and taking the halter in his hand, he went ahead to the next destination…thus he escorted me until I reached Madinah. When he saw Quba, the habitation of Bani ‘Amr Ibn ’Auf, he said, ‘Your husband is in this village. Now go to him with the blessing of God.” Thus he bade me farewell and went off on his way back to Makkah.”
She also used to say that no family in Islam suffered the hardships the way that the family of Abu Salama did. (Ibn Kathir, Vol.2, PP.215-17)
When Suhayb tried to leave for Madinah, the disbelieving Quraysh said to him, “You came to us as a destitute beggar and have grown rich among us, and now you want to go away safely with your life and wealth. By God, it shall never be so!” Suhayb asked, “Would you allow me to go if I give my property to you?” When they replied in the affirmative, Suhayb said, “I will give you the whole of it.”
When the Prophet (r) was told about the incident, he exclaimed, “Suhayb has made a profit! Suhayb has made a profit!” (Ibn Kathir, Vol.2, P.233)
The emigrants to Medinah during this period were ‘Umar, Talha, Hamza, Zayd Ibn Haritha,’ Abdur Rahman Ibn Auf, Zubayr Ibn al-Awwam, Abu Hudhayafa, ‘Uthman Ibn’ Affan and several other companions of the Prophet (may Allah be pleased with them all). Thereafter, the emigrants trickled away one by one. The only ones left in Makkah, besides the Prophet (r), Abu Bakr and ‘Ali (t) were either those who are detained because of some restraints or those who had fallen victims of their own shortcomings. (Ibn Hisham, Vol. I, pp. 470-79)
AN UNSUCCESSFUL CONSPIRACY
The emigration of Muslims to Madinah frightened the Makkahns. For they fully understood that the Prophet (r) had already established a base with a large number of adherents in a foreign territory beyond their reach, and if he were also to join them there, then they would be rendered helpless, deprived of all authority over him. They held a council in Dar al-Nadwa where all the chiefs of the Quraysh had assembled to deliberate on the possible solutions to the problem.
They debated and scrutinized the various suggestions and finally decided unanimously that each clan should provide a young, courageous and blue-blooded warrior so that all of them would fall upon Muhammed to jointly kill him. Thus, the responsibility of shedding his blood would lie equally on all the clans, and no single clan whatsoever would then be held responsible for it and ‘Abdu Munaf for sure, would not dare take up a hatchet against all the people. Determined to slay the Prophet (r), the pagans dispersed to execute their treacherous scheme.
But the Prophet (r) was warned of their wicked plan by the All-Knowing God and thus, had asked ‘Ali instead to lie on his bed and wrap himself in his mantle, assuring him that no harm would come to him.
The shrewd and determined gang stood outside the Prophet’s house with scimitars, prepared to attack the Prophet (r) as he emerged. When Muhammed (r) came out, he threw a handful of dust. God instantly obscured their eyesight and the Prophet (r) went through their ranks, sprinkling the dust over their heads and reciting the Soorah Ya Sin:
"And we have set a bar before them and a bar behind them, and (thus) have covered them so that they see not.” [Qur'an 36:9]
He passed right through them but nobody was able to see him. Then, there came a man who asked them, “What are you waiting for?” When they replied that they were waiting for Muhammed, he said, “May God confound you! He has already gone away.” They peeped through the chink of the door and saw ‘Ali sleeping on the bed wrapped in the Prophet’s mantle. They had mistaken him for the Prophet (r) and decided to wait till morning when ‘Ali got up from the bed. All of them were abashed by the incident. (Ibn Hisham, Vol. Pp. 480-83)
A STRANGE INCONSISTENCY
The unbelieving Quraysh of Makkah were bitterly set against the Prophet (r). Yet they were absolutely convinced of his truthfulness and trustworthiness, nobility and magnanimity. If anybody in Makkah apprehended loss or misappropriation of his property, he usually deposited it with the Prophet (r). The Prophet (r) had thus a number of things committed to his care. He, therefore, charged ‘Ali to return these to their owners before leaving Makkah. Of a fact, such strange behavior from Quraysh and such noble behavior from the Prophet at such a critical moment is a testimony to the nobility of the Prophet (r) as well as to the callousness of Quraysh.
“We know well how their talk grieveth thee, though in truth they deny not thee (Muhammed) but evil-doers flout the revelations of Allah.” [Qur'an 6:33]
The fact that the polytheists trusted Allah's Messenger (r) with their possessions, even though they were fighting against him and insisting upon his death, is an evidence that the enemies of the mission, deep in their hearts, believed in the righteousness, honesty, and nobility of the reformer. They believed that he was better off than them in his behavior and that his heart was purer than theirs. But the insensitivity or indifference of their hearts, their stubbornness, and their resolute grip towards their errant customs and beliefs, aptly known as resistance to change, lured them to fight against him, harm him and finally conspire to kill him.
Prophet's Emigration
The Prophet (r) came to Abu Bakr and told him that God had given him permission to emigrate from Makkah. Abu Bakr exclaimed, “Together, O Prophet (r) of God?”; for he was anxious to keep him company.” Then Abu Bakr presented two camels he had been keeping for the purpose. ‘Abdullah Ibn Urayqit was hired by Abu Bakr to act as a guide.
The emigration of the Prophet (r) illustrates how everything howsoever coveted by one, can be sacrificed for the sake of one’s faith or ideals. Worldly estate and effects or any other thing that a man is disposed to value can never take the place of his faith nor can the faith be bartered away for the entire world. For what does it profit a man if he gains the whole world but suffers the loss of his soul.
Makkah was the birthplace of the Prophet (r). As the homeland of the Prophet (r) of God and his companions, it was very dear to them. It also had the house of God, loved and adored by them like the light of one’s eye. But nothing stood in the way of their bidding farewell to their hearts and homes, families and kinsmen. This was due to the fact that the pagans of Makkah would not allow them the freedom of conscience and liberty to practice their faith.
The Prophet (r) loved Makkah but he valued his faith more. One was a natural feeling of affection and the other an insatiable thirst of soul. We find the two tenderest feelings of human nature articulately expressed by the Prophet (r) while leaving Makkah.
“No city is sweeter to me than you, are and how ardently I love you. Had my people not exiled me, I would never have lived anywhere else.” (Tirmidhi, Chap. Fadl Makkah)
The
Prophet (r) had, in truth, to leave his homeland to
fulfill his Lord's command.
“O my bondmen who believe!
Lo! My earth is spacious. Therefore serve Me only.” [Qur'an 29:56]
TOWARDS THE CAVE OF "MT.
THAWR
The Prophet (r) and Abu Bakr stealthily proceeded to the cave of Mt. Thawr. Abu Bakr instructed his son ‘Abdullah to find out the hostile plans and conversations of the Makkans concerning them and then relay these to him. Furthermore, he asked Amir Ibn Fuhayrah, his slave, to feed his flocks of milch ewe by the day and bring food for them in the evening. Asma, his daughter, used to bring food for them at night.
Abu Bakr exhibited great concern for the Prophet of God (r) during this journey. It is related that when the Prophet (r) set out for the cave on Mt. Thawr, Abu Bakr (t) sometimes went ahead of the Prophet (r) and then behind him, until the Prophet (r) noticed his restlessness and asked, Abu Bakr (may Allah be pleased with him), what’s the matter? Often you come behind me and sometimes you go ahead!” Abu Bakr (t) replied, “O Prophet (r) of God, when I think of those pursuing you, I come behind you but then I apprehend an ambuscade so that I go in front of you.”
When they arrived at the cave in Mt. Thawr, Abu Bakr requested the Prophet (r) to wait until he had searched and cleaned up the cave. So, he went in, explored it and came out after cleaning up. Then he remembered that he had not properly searched one hole. He again asked the Prophet (r) to wait a bit so he can check it for the second time around. Only then did he allow the Prophet (r) to enter the cave after he had fully convinced himself that it did not harbor wild or dangerous beasts.
A MOST CRITICAL MOMENT OF HUMAN HISTORY
The most critical moment of the world’s history, when the fate of mankind hanged by a thread, drew near as the Qurayshite horsemen on the look out for the two fugitives galloping over the desert and came to the cave where the two had secluded themselves. The world was as if at a standstill, holding its breath in suspense: The pursuers, who stood debating among themselves at the mouth of the cave, resolved that nobody could be inside it.
One may think it is fantastic or miraculous but it was how God helped His Prophet (r).
“Then Allah caused His peace of reassurance to descend upon him and supported him with hosts ye cannot see.” [Qur'an 9:40]
Peering, Abu Bakr looked over his head. He saw the blood-thirsty warriors of the Quraysh standing at the mouth of the cave. Then he said to his companion with a trembling heart, “O Prophet of God, they will see us if anybody steps forward.”
“What misgivings have you,” replied the Prophet (r), “about the two with whom the third is Allah?” It was as if to remind that at this event, the revelation came down from God:
“When they two were in the cave, when he said to his comrade: Grieve not, Lo! Allah is with us.” [Qur'an 9:40]
SURAQA FOLLOWS THE PROPHET (r)
The Quraysh offered a reward of one hundred camels to anyone who brought back the Prophet (r), dead or alive. The Prophet (r) spent three nights in the cave and then guided by ‘Amir Ibn Fuhayrah went along the road by the sea-coast. Suraqa Ibn Malik Ibn Ju’shum heard of the price set by the Quraysh on the head of the Prophet (r) and hurried after him. The reward of hundred camels was too tempting for him that he got up on his mare and went after the fugitives tracking their footsteps. He let his mare run swiftly until he nearly over-took the fugitives. But, lo, his mare stumbled abruptly, and hitherto, he was thrown off. He rose up, composed himself, and remounted the mare, and let her go ahead. Once more, the mare stumbled and he was again thrown off, but nevertheless continued the chase until he could see the three men going ahead. Suddenly, his mare stumbled for the third time, its fore-legs sinking up to the knees on the ground, and he was thrown off once again. He also saw dust rising from the ground like a sandstorm.
Suraqa was now convinced that the Prophet (r) was protected against him and he would not in any case triumph over the latter. He called out saying that he was Suraqa Ibn Ju’shum and that he would not inflict any harm to them. The Prophet (r) ordered Abu Bakr to ask him what he wants from them. Suraqa replied, “Write for me a warrant of security.” Thereupon the Prophet (r) ordered ‘Amir Ibn Fuhayrah to write the warrant which he wrote on a piece of tanned leather or bone. Suraqa preserved the document as a memento of sorts. (Ibn Hisham, Vol. I, pp. 489-90; Al-Bukhaari, Chap. Hijratun Nabi)
The Prophet of God (r) had been driven out of his homeland and the enemy pursuing him was after his blood, but his mind’s eye was envisioning the day when his followers would be ascendant upon the realms of the Caesars and Chosroes. In those adverse circumstances, in the darkest hour of his life, he made a prediction of the bright times ahead. To Suraqa he said, “Suraqa, how will you feel when you will put on Chosroes’ bracelets?”
God has indeed promised succor, victory and prosperity to His Prophet (r) and the triumphant ascendancy of His Religion of Truth.
“He it is who hath sent His messenger with the guidance and the Religion of Truth, that He may cause it to prevail over all religions, however much the disbelievers may be averse.” [Qur'an 9:33]
Those who cannot see beyond the material agency of causes and effects would shrug their shoulders at this prediction: the Quraysh discarded the forebodings of the Prophet (r) as incredulous and inconceivable, but the foreseeing Prophet (r) was peeping into the future:
“Lo! Allah faileth not to keep the tryst.” [Qur'an 13:31]
And the events took shape exactly in the same way as the Prophet (r) had foretold to Suraqa. When Persia was conquered and the tiara, robe and the bracelets of Chosroes were brought to ‘Umar, he sent for Suraqa and asked him to put on the royal dress. (Al-Isti'ab, Vol. II, p. 597)
Suraqa took the warrant of security for he was by then convinced of the victory of the Prophet (r). He offered some provisions and utensils, but the Prophet (r) accepted nothing from him. He simply said to Suraqa, “Keep our whereabouts secret.”
THE BLESSED GUEST
Abu
Bakr and the Prophet (r) passed by the tent of Umm M’abad, a woman
of Khuza’a, who had a milk ewe but its udder had dried up owing to drought.
God’s Messenger wiped its udder with his hand and mentioning the name of God
the most High. He prayed that Umm M’abad might have a blessing in her ewe. It
then gave a flow of milk. He first gave Umm M’abad and others a drink until all
of them were fully satisfied, then he drank knowing everyone was through. He
milked it the second time around and when the vessel was full, left it with
her. When Abu M’abad came back and his wife told him about the prodigious
happening and the angelic stranger, he replied, “By God, he appears to be the
same man of the Quraysh whom they are prowling after.”
They continued their journey with the guide until they
reached Quba in the vicinity of Madinah. This was on Monday, the 12th day of
Rabi ul-Awwal. (24th September, 622 A.D.) A new era was indeed commencing,
because it was from the start of this year that the Islamic calendar of Hijrah
took its humble beginnings!
The People of Madinah
Yathrib had been chosen by Allah to shelter the Messenger of God (r) after his emigration and to bring forth not only the first Islamic Society but also to serve as a focal point for the universal call of Islam. The great honor accorded to the city makes it necessary to know its distinctive features, its unique physical, social and cultural conditions, like those of the Arab tribes living there and their interactions with one another, the economic and political manipulations of the Jews and their fighting spirit as well as the way of life sustained by its fertile land. Various religions, cultures and communities flourished in the city in stark contrast to Makkah, which was dominated by one faith and one cultural pattern. The details given here, albeit briefly, depict the state of affairs in Madinah when the Prophet (r) made his debut in that city.
THE JEWISH PRESENCE
The view preferred by historians about Jewish settlements in Arabia, at large and those in Madinah, in particular, is that they date from the first century A.D. Dr. Israel Welphenson writes that:
“After Palestine and Jerusalem were laid waste in 70 A.D. and the Jews dispersed to different parts of the world, a number of them made their way to Arabia. This is in accordance with the Jewish historian Josephus, who was himself present at the siege of Jerusalem and had led the Jewish units on several occasions. Arab sources also corroborate his statement."
Three
Jewish tribes, Qaynuqaa', an-Nadhir and Quraydha, were settled in Madinah. The
number of adults belonging to these tribes was over two thousand where
Qaynuqaa' was estimated to have seven hundred combatants, with an-Nadir having
almost the same number too, while the adult men of Quraydha were reported to be
between seven and nine hundred.
These tribes were not on good terms and very often they
are caught in confrontations with one another. Dr. Israel Welphenson says:
“Bani Qaynuqaa' were set against the rest of the Jews because they had sided with Bani Khazraj in the battle of Bu’ath in which Bani an-Nadir and Bani Quraydha had inflicted a crushing defeat and massacred Bani Qaynuqaa' even though the latter had paid bloodwit for the prisoners of war. The bitterness among the Jewish tribes continued to persist after the battle of Bu’ath. When Bani Qaynuqaa' subsequently fell out with the Ansaar, no other Jewish tribe came to their aid against them (Ansaar).” (Al-Yahud fi Balad il’Arab, p. 129)
The Qur’an also makes a reference to the mutual discord between the Jews:
“And when We made with you a covenant (saying): Shed not the blood of your people nor turn (party of) your people out of your dwellings. Then ye ratified (Our covenant) and ye were witnesses (thereto). “Yet it is you who slay each other and drive out party of your people from their homes, supporting one another against them by sin and transgression - and if they come to you as captives ye would ransom them, whereas their expulsion was itself unlawful for you.[Qur'an 2:84-5]
The Jews of Madinah had their dwellings in their own separate localities in different parts of the city. When Bani an-Nadir and Bani Quraydha forced Bani Qaynuqaa' to relocate their settlement in the outskirts of the town, they took up their quarters in a section of the city. Bani an-Nadir had their habitation in the higher parts, some four or five kilometers from the city towards the valley of Bathan, which houses some of the richest groves and agricultural lands of Madinah. The third Jewish tribe, Bani Quraydha, occupied vicinity known as Mehzor, which is a few kilometers to the south of the city.
The Jews of Madinah lived in compact settlements where they had erected fortifications and citadels. They were however, not independent but lived as confederate clans of the stronger Arab tribes which guaranteed them immunity from raids by the nomads. Predatory incursions by the nomadic tribes being a perpetual menace, the Jewish tribes had to always seek the protection of one or more chieftains of the powerful Arab tribes.
RELIGIOUS AFFAIRS OF THE JEWS
The Jews considered themselves to be blessed with divine religion and law. They had their own seminaries, known as Midras which imparted instruction in their religious and secular life, science, law, history and the Talmudic lore. Similarly, for offering prayers and performing other religious rites, they had synagogues where they normally put their heads together to discuss their affairs. They observed the laws brought about by the Pentateuch together with the many other rigid and uncompromising customary rules imposed by their priests and rabbis and celebrated Jewish feasts and fasted. As for example, they commemorate, on the tenth day of the month of Tishri, The Fast of the Atonement. (Banu Israel Fil-Qur’an wal Sunnah, pp. 80-81)
FINANCES
The financial relationship of the Medinan Jews with the other tribes was mainly limited to lending money on interest or on security or sequestration of personal property upon payment failure. In an agricultural region like Madinah, there was ample scope for money-lending business since the farmers very often needed capital for purposes of cultivation. (Banu Israel Fil-Qur’an wal Sunnah, pp. 80-81)
The system of lending money was not limited merely to pledging personal property as security for repayment of the loan, for the lenders very often forced the borrowers to pledge even their women and children. The following incident bears a testimony to the prevailing practices:
“Muhammed b. Maslamah said to K’ab: “Now, we hope that you will lend us a camel-load or two (of food). K’ab answered: I will do so (but) you shall pledge something with me. [The Muslims] retorted: What do you want? - (K’ab) replied, “Pledge your women with me”. Then they responded, “How can we pledge our women with you, the most beautiful of the Arabs? K’ab parried, “Then pledge your sons with me. [The Muslims] countered, “How can we pledge our sons with thee, when later they would be abused on this account, and people would say: “They have been pledged for a camel-load or two (of food)! This would disgrace us! We shall, however, pledge our armor with you.
Such transactions produced naturally, enough hatred and repugnance between the mortgagees and the mortgagors, particularly since the Arabs were known to be sensitive where the honor of their womenfolk is concerned.
Concentration of capital in the hands of the Jews had given them power to exercise economic pressure on the social economy of the city. The markets were at their mercy. They rigged the market through hoarding, thereby creating artificial shortages and causing the rise and fall in prices. Most of the people in Madinah detested the Jews owing to such malpractices of usury and profiteering, which were against the substance of the common Arabs. (Banu Israel Fil-Qur'an wal-Sunnah, p. 79)
The Jews, in their social transactions with the Arab tribes, Aus and Khazraj, spent lavishly, though judiciously, in creating a rift between the two tribes. On a number of occasions in the past, they had successfully pitted one tribe against the other, leaving both tribes worn out and economically ruined in the end. The only objective Jews had set before themselves was how to maintain their economic dominion over Medinah.
An incident related by Ibn Hisham that took place after Madinah became Muslim sheds light upon this strategy. Sh’ath b. Qays was an old jewish man and he felt bitter against the Muslims. He passed by a place where a number of the Prophet’s companions from Aus and Khazraj were talking together. He was filled with rage seeing their amity and unity. So he asked the Jewish youth who were friendly with the Ansaars to join them and mention the battle of Bu’ath and the preceding battles, and to recite some of the poems concerning those events in order to stir up their tribal sentiments.
The cunning device of Sh’ath was not in vain, for a few years before Islam, the two tribes had been at daggers with each other. Their passions were aroused and they started bragging and quarreling until they were about to unsheathe their swords when the Prophet (r) came with some of the Muslim emigrants from Mecca. He pacified them and appealed to the bonds of harmony brought about by Islam. Then the Ansaars realized that the enemy had duped them. The Aus and Khazraj wept, embraced and welcomed back one another as if nothing had happened. (Ibn Hisham, Vol. I, pp. 555-6)
For many centuries, the Jews had been waiting for a redeemer. This belief of the Jews in the coming Prophet (r), about which they used to talk with the Arabs, had prepared the Aus and the Khazraj to give their faith readily to the Prophet (r). (Dr. Mohammed Syed al-Tantawi, Banu Israel fil-Qur’an wal-Sunnah, pp. 73-101.)
The Jews of Arabia spoke Arabic although their dialect was interspersed with Hebrew for they had not completely given up their religious aspirations. In regard to the missionary activities of the Jews, Dr. Israel Welphenson says:
“There is less uncertainty about the opportunities offered to the Jews in consolidating their religious supremacy over Arabia. Had they so willed, they could have used their influence to the best advantage. But as it is too prominent among every student of Jewish history, they have never made any effort to invite other nations to embrace their faith, rather, for certain reasons, they have been forbidden to preach this to others.” (Dr. Israel Welphenson; Al-Yahud fi Balad il-‘Arab, p. 72)
Be that as it may, many of the Aus and the Khazraj and certain other Arab tribes had been Judaized owing to their close social connections with the Jews or ties of blood. Thus, there were Jews in Arabia, who were of Israelite descent, with a fraction of Arab converts. The well-known poet K’ab b. Ashraf (often called an an-Nadir) belonged to the tribe of Tayy. His father had married in the tribe of Bani an-Nadir but he grew up to be a zealous Jew. Ibn Hisham writes about him: K’ab b. Ashraf who was one of the Tayy of the sub-section of Bani Nabhan whose mother was from the Bani al-Nadir. (Ibn Hisham, Vol. P. 514).
There was a custom among the pagan Arabs that if the sons of anybody died in infancy, he used to declare to God that if his next son remained alive, he would entrust him to a Jew to rear him up on his own religion. A tradition referring to this custom finds place in the Sunan Abu Dawud.
“Ibn ‘Abbaas said: Any woman whose children died used to take the vow that if her next child remained alive, she would make him a Jew. Accordingly, when Banu an-Nadir were deported they had the sons of Ansaar with them; they said, “ We would not forsake our sons”, thereupon the revelation came: “There is no compulsion in religion.” (Sunan Abu Dawud, Kitaab-ul-Jihad, Vol. II).
AUS AND KHAZRAJ
The two great Arab tribes of Madinah, Aus and Khazraj, traced a common descent from the tribe of Azd belonging to Yemen from where successive waves of emigrants inundated the northern regions from time to time. The exodus was brought about by a variety of reasons, some of which were the unstable political conditions in Yemen, Abyssinian aggression and disruption of irrigation system supporting agriculture after the destruction of Ma’rib dam. However, both the Aus and Khazraj came down to Madinah after the Jews. The Aus settled down in ‘Awali, an area in the south-east of Madinah while the Khazraj occupied the lands in the central and northern parts of it. With the northern part of the city being low-lying, nothing intervened between the abode of the Khazraj and Harrata Wabrah in the West. (Makkah wal Madinah, p. 311).
The Khazraj consisted of four clans: Malik, ‘Adiy, Mazin and Dinar, all co-laterals to Banu Najjaar and also known as Taym Al-Lat. Banu Najjaar took up residence in the central part of the city where the Prophet (r)’s mosque now stands. The Aus, who have settled in the fertile, arable lands were the neighbors of the more influential and powerful Jewish tribe. The lands occupied by Khazraj were comparatively less fertile and they had only Banu Qaynuqaa as their neighbors. (Makkah wal Madinah, p. 311).
It is rather difficult to reckon the numerical strength of Aus and Khazraj with any amount of certainty, but an estimate can be formed from different battles in which they took part after the Prophet’s (r) departure to Madinah. The combatants drafted from these two tribes on the occasion of the conquest of Makkah numbered four thousand. (Al-Imta, Vol. I, p. 364).
When the Prophet (r) migrated to Madinah, the Arabs were powerful and in a position to play the first fiddle. The Jews being disunited had taken a subordinate position by seeking alliance either with the Aus or the Khazraj. Their mutual relationship was even worse for they were more tyrannical to their comrades in religion in times of clashes than to the Arabs themselves. It was due to the antipaYour and bitterness between them that the Bani Qaynuqaa were forced to abandon their cultivated lands and resorted to working as artisans. (Makkah wal Madinah, p. 322).
Physical and Geographical Conditions
At the time the Prophet (r) migrated to Yathrib, the city was divided into distinct sections inhabited by the Arabs and the Jews, with a separate district allocated to each clan. Each division consisted of the residential quarters and the soil used for agricultural purposes while in another part they used to have their strongholds or fortress-like structures. (Al-Yahud fi Balad il-‘Arab, p. 116)
They had fifty-nine such strongholds in Madinah. Dr. Israel Welphenson writes about these strongholds:
“The fortresses were of great importance in Yathrib for the people belonging to a clan took shelter in them during raids by the enemy. They afforded protection to the women and children who retreated to them in times of clashes and forays while the men went out to engage with the enemy. These strongholds were also utilized as warehouses for the storage of food-grains and fruits as the enemy could easily pilfer them if left in the open places. Goods and arms were also kept in such citadels and caravans carrying the merchandise used to stop near them for the markets were usually held along the doors of these fortifications. The same bulwarks also housed the synagogues and educational institutions known as Midras. The costly and valuable goods which were stored in the fortresses show that the religious scriptures were also kept in them.” Jewish leaders and chieftains used to assemble in these fortresses for consultations or for taking decisions on important issues which were usually sealed by taking an oath on the scripture” (Al-Yahud fi Balad il-‘Arab, pp. 116-117)
Defining the word Utum, as these fortresses were called, Dr. Welphenson writes: “The term connotes, in Hebrew, to shut out or to obstruct. When it is used in connection with a wall it denotes such windows as are shut down from outside can be opened from inside. The word is also reflective of a defensive wall or rampart and with that, it is safe to presume that Utum was the name given by the Jews to their fortresses. They had shutters which could be closed from the outer side and opened from the inner side.”
Yathrib was, thus, a cluster of such strongholds or fortified suburbs which had taken the shape of a town because of their proximity. The Qur’an also hints to this peculiar feature of the city in these words:
“That which Allah giveth as spoil unto His messenger from the people of the township.” [Qur'an 59:7]
Again, another reference of Madinah signifies the same
peculiarity.
“They will not fight against
you in a body save in fortified villages or from walls." [Qur'an
59:14]
Lava plains occupy a place of special importance in the physical geography of Madinah. These plains, formed by the matter flowing from a volcano which cools into rocks of burnt basalt of dark brown and black color and of irregular shape and size, stretch out far and wide and cannot be traversed either by foot or even on horses or camels. Two of these lava plains are more extensive; one is to the east and is known as Harrat Waqim, while the other lies in the west and is called Harrat Wabarah.
Majduddin Firozabadi writes in the Al-Maghanim al-Matabata fi Ma’alim Ut-Tabbah that there are several lava plains surrounding Medinah. The two lava plains of the east and west have virtually made the city a fortified refuge that can be attacked only from the north (where ditches were dug on the occasion of the battle of the trenches). On the southern side, the oases thickets and clumped date-palm groves as well as inter-tied houses of the densely populated area defend the city against incursion by an enemy. The strategic location of Madinah was one of the factors responsible for its selection as the émigré’s new home.
Harrata Waqim, which is located east of the city and is arrayed with numerous verdant oases, was more populous than Harrata Wabarah. When the Prophet (r) emigrated to Yathrib, the more influential Jewish tribes, like, Banu an-Nadir and Banu Quraydha, were living in Harrata Waqim along with some of the important clans of Aus, such as, Banu ‘Abdul Ash’hal, Banu Haritha and Banu Mu’awiya. The eastern lava plain was thus named Waqim because of a locality which boasts of the same name in the district occupied by Bani ‘Abdul Ash’hal.
Religious and Social Conditions
By and large, the inhabitants of Madinah followed the Quraysh whom they held to be the guardians of the Holy sanctuary and the matrix of their religious creed as well as social ethics. Pagan like other Arabs, the population of Madinah was, by and large, devotees of the same idols as worshipped by the inhabitants of Hijaz and of Makkah in particular in addition to a few regional or tribal deities considered to be the personal or private gods of these clans. Thus, Manat was the oldest and the most popular deity of the populace of Madinah that the Aus and Khazraj honored as the co-partner of God. The idol was set up on the seashore, between Makkah and Madinah, at Mushallal near Qudayd. Al-Lat was the favorite god of the people of Ta’if while the Qurayshites revered al-Uzza as their national deity. It was so because the people of every place had a particular patron-god to which they used to get emotionally attached. If anybody in Madinah had a wooden replica of an idol, he normally called it Manat, as was the idol kept in his house by ‘Amr b. Jamuh, the chief of Bani Salama in Madinah, a practice that he had cherished before his conversion to Islam.
Ahmad b. Hanbal has related a tradition from ‘Urwa, on the authority of ‘Aisha, which says that: “The Ansaar used to cry labbaik (Lit. At Your service) to Manat and worship it near Mushallal before accepting Islam. And anyone who performed pilgrimage in its (Manat) name did not consider it lawful to round the mounts of Safa and Marwa. When the people once inquired from the Prophet (r): "O Messenger of Allah, we felt some hesitation during the pagan past in going round Safa and Marwah"; God sent down the revelation:
"Lo! As-Safa and al-Marwah are amongst the indications of Allah.” [Qur'an 2:158]
However, we are not aware of any other idol in Madinah equally glamorized as al-Lat, Manat, al-Uzza and Hubal or venerated like them, nor was there any idol set up in Madinah which was paid a visit by the people from other tribes. Madinah does not appear to be bristling with idols, unlike Makkah where one used to set up an idol in every house and the vendors offered them for the sake of the pilgrims. Makkah was, all in all, the prototype and symbol of idolatry in Arabia whereas Madinah simply trailed behind in such respect.
In Madinah, the people used to have two days devoted to games alone. When the Prophet (r) came to Madinah, he said to them, “God has substituted something better for you, the day of sacrifice and the day of breaking the fast." (Bulugh al-‘Arab)
Certain commentators of the Traditions hold the view that the two festivals celebrated by the people of Madinah were Nawroz and Mehrjan, which they had perhaps inherited from the Persians. (Saheehain)
Aus and Khazraj descended from a lineage whose nobility was acknowledged even by the Quraysh. Ansaars were descendants of Banu Qahtan belonging to the southern stock of ‘Arab ‘Arbah, with whom the Quraysh had marital affinity. Hashim b. ‘Abdu Manaf had married Salama bint ‘Amr b. Zayd of the Banu Adiy b. al-Najjaar, which was a clan of Khazraj. Nevertheless, the Quraysh considered their own ancestry to be nobler than those of the Arab clans of Medinah. On the day of the battle of Badr, when ‘Utba, Shayba, and Walid b. Rabi’a came forward and challenged the Muslims for a single combat, some youths of the Ansaar stepped forth to face them. The Qurayshite warriors, however, asked who they were and on coming to know that they belonged to the Ansaar, replied, “We have nothing to do with you.” Then one of them called out, “Muhammad, send forth some of your own rank and blood to face us.” Thereupon the Prophet (r) ordered, “Advance, O ‘Ubayda b. Al-Harith; “O Hamza; Advance, O ‘Ali. When the three were already up at them and had already told their names, the Qurayshite said: “Yes, these are noble and our peers." (Ibn Hisham, Vol. p. 625)
The self-conceited Quraysh used to look down upon farming, the occupation employed by the Ansaar owing to the physical features of their city. We find a commensurate display of similar egotism with what Abu Jahl said when he was slain by two Ansaar lads who were sons of ‘Afra. Abu Jahl said to ‘Abdullah b. Mas’ud although he was nearing his end, “Would that somebody else than a cultivator had slain me!”
Economical and Cultural Conditions
Madinah was a veritable oasis. The soil was conducive to systematic cultivation and hence, its population was given over to farming and gardening. The main produce of the city consisted of grapes and dates, of which there were numerous groves, trellised and untrellised. Two or more palm-trees occasionally grew out of a single root. (See Qur’an 141 and 13:4)
Cereals and vegetables of different varieties were cultivated in the farms but the date palm remained the chief item on the menu of the people, especially in times of drought, for the fruit could be stored for sale or exchanged with other necessities. The date palm was the queen of Arabian trees, the source of prosperity concerning the people of Madinah, providing them with solid food and fodder for the camels. Its stems, barks and leaves were also utilized in the construction of houses and manufacture of other goods for daily use.
Countless varieties of date palm were grown in Madinah where the people had, through experience and experimentation, developed methods to improve the quality and production of dates. Among these was the distinction made between the male pollens and female pistils of date palms and the fertilization of ovules which was known as Tabir.
Madinah was a leading agricultural center, it had also a flourishing mercantile business though not of the same magnitude as that of Makkah. The barren, rocky valley of Makkah allowed no other occupation save to set out with merchandise caravans regularly during the summer and winter season for their source of livelihood.
Certain industrial pursuits were restricted to the Jews of Madinah. They had probably brought the expertise to Madinah from Yemen as, for instance, Banu Qaynuqaa practiced the trade of goldsmithy. Wealthier than other tribes occupying Madinah, the houses of the Jews were flushed with money and abounded in gold and silver. (Al-Yahud fi Balad il-‘Arab, p. 128)
The soil of Madinah is excessively fertile because of the volcanic matter that made possible the surrounding lava plains. The town stands at the lower part of the valley where water courses running from the higher altitudes irrigated the agricultural lands and date-palm plantations. A verdant wadi well supplied with water and laden with gardens and vineyards, then known as ‘Aqiq, was the pleasure spot of Madinah’s residents. There were many wells scattered all over the town whereby almost every garden had one by which it was irrigated, for underground water was found to be in excess.
The vineyards and date plantations, enclosed by garden walls, were known as ha’yet. The wells had sweet and plentiful supply of water, which was channeled to the orchards by means of canals or through lift irrigation.
Barley was the main cereal produced in Madinah with wheat as the second one, but vegetables were grown in abundance. Transactions of different types were in vogue, some of which were retained by Islam while others were modified or forbidden altogether.
The coins in circulation at Makkah and Madinah were similar to that of the ones mentioned in the section covering Makkah. However, as the inhabitants of Madinah had to transact their business in food grains and fruits, they had more of their dealings with measures of capacity. These quantitative measures were Mudd, S’a, Faraq, ‘Araq and Wasaq. The measures of weight prevalent in Madinah were dirham, shihaq, danaq, qirat, naqwat ratl, qintar and auqiya.
Madinah had a fertile soil but it was not self-sufficient in food-grains that it had to import some of the foodstuffs required by it. Flour, clarified butter and honey were brought from Syria. At-Tirmidhi relates on the authority of Qatada b. N’uman that the staple diet of the people of Madinah consisted of dates and barley. But those who were rich used to purchase flour from the Syrian merchants for their own consumption while others had to contend with dates and barley. This report brings to light the culinary habits as well as the disparity in the standards of living of the well-to-do and the poorer sections of the society in Madinah existing before the migration of the Prophet (r).
In Madinah, the Jews constituted the affluent class while the Arab tribesman, like other naïve and guileless Bedouins, were not bothered about the future and did not even concern themselves on saving for the rainy days. Apart from that, generosity was in their blood, which manifested itself in selflessly spending for the entertainment of their guests. Naturally enough, they were very often forced to borrow money with interest from the Jews by pledging their personal property.
The livestock raised by the people consisted, for the most part, of camels, cows and ewes. Even then, the camels were also employed for irrigating the agricultural lands wherein they are finally called as Al-Ibil un-Nawadeh when used in such manner. Madinah had several pastures, of which the two, Dhoghabata and Ghaba, were more well-known. Residents of Madinah used to put their flocks for grazing on these pasturelands, while at the same time making such grazing grounds as their source of firewood. They reared horses as well, though not in the same scale as did the inhabitants of Makkah, for military operations. Banu Sulaym were distinguished for their horsemanship although they used to import their horses from other regions.
Madinah had a number of markets, the most important of which was the one conducted by Bani Qaynuqaa which consisted of silver and gold ornaments, clothes and other handiworks, cotton and silk fabrics. Varied carpets and curtains with decorative designs were normally available in this market. Similarly, there were shopkeepers who sold ambergris and quicksilver. (Al-Taratib al-Dariyah, Vol. IV, p. 258)
The social and cultural life of the common people in Madinah was, thanks to their elegant taste, fairly well advanced. Two-storied houses were common in the region, where some of these had even attached kitchen gardens. The people were used to drinking sweet water, which had to be often conducted from a distance. Cushions were used for sitting and the household utensils included bowls and drinking vessels made of stones and glasses. Lamps were manufactured in different designs. Bags and small baskets were used for carrying commodities of daily use as well as corn from the fields.
The residences of those who were affluent were well-decorated with various other types of furniture. The jewelry worn by the womenfolk included bracelets, armlets, wristlets, earring circlets, rings, and golden or gem necklaces.
Spinning and weaving were popular domestic endeavors from which women find solace with in their spare-time at Medinah. Sewing and dyeing of clothes, house-building, brick-laying and stone crafts were some of the manual arts already known to the city folks before the Prophet (r) emigrated there.
YATHRIB’S ADVANCED AND
COMPOSITE SOCIETY
The Hijrah of the Prophet (r) and his companions from Makkah to Madinah was, in no wise, an emigration from a town to any hinterland known by the name of Yathrib but from one city to another. The new home of the émigrés was, at the same time different in many respects from the town they had left. For one, it was comparatively smaller than Makkah, but the society was more complex in comparison to the social life of Makkah. The Prophet (r) was therefore, expected to come across problems of a different scope and nature owing to the subscription of its populace to different religions offering various social codes and customs, not to forget its divergent cultural patterns. The Herculean task ahead of him was one of meeting the challenges of such a prevailing situation. By and large, only a Prophet could achieve such a feat. One who is commissioned and blest by God with wisdom, foresight, conviction and firmness of purpose and capacity to smother and blend the conflicting ideas and ideals into a new concept, one which could usher the dying humanity into a new brave and commendable world. And, above all, such arbiter or savior had to have a loveable personality. How very aptly has God set forth the services rendered by that benefactor of the human race?
“And (as for the believers) hath attuned their hearts. If
You had spent all that is in the earth You couldst not have attuned their
hearts, but Allah hath attuned them. Lo! He is Mighty, Wise.” [Qur'an
Qur’an 8:63]
Prophet in Madinah
News of the Prophet's departure from Makkah spread fast. Eagerly expecting his arrival, the Ansaars used to go out after morning prayers to the outskirts of the city and await his arrival until there was no more shade and the Sun became unbearable. Then, as it was the hot season, they returned to their homes, sad and disappointed.
At last, the Prophet (r) arrived. The Ansaar had already returned to their houses but a Jew who happened to see him, cried aloud announcing his arrival. Everybody rushed out to greet the Prophet (r) whom they found sitting beneath a tree with Abu Bakr (t) who was of like age. Many of them had never seen the Prophet (r) and did not know which of the two was he. They crowded round both, but now, Abu Bakr realized their difficulty. He rose up, stood behind the Prophet (r) shielding him with a piece of cloth from the sun, and thus the doubts of the people dissipated. (Ibn Hisham, Vol. I, p. 492)
More or less five hundred Ansaars rushed to pay their respects to the Prophet of Allah (r); they requested him to enter the city, saying, “Ride on! You two are safe and we shall obey you!”
The Prophet (r) went on, accompanied by his companions and the welcoming crowd. The inhabitants of Madinah stood in front of their doors, the women lined up on the roofs inquiring one another about the Prophet (r). Anas said that he never came across a happier day in his life.
The people thronged in the way at their doors and windows and on the roofs of the houses. The slaves and lads cried excitedly, “Allahu-Akbar, the Prophet (r) of Allah is come!
Bara b. Azib, who was then in his youth, had said: “I never saw the people of Madinah display warmth so great as the happiness they expressed on the arrival of the Prophet (r) of Allah where even the slave-girls were shouting that the Prophet (r) of Allah hath arrived!”
The faithful greeted the arrival of the Prophet (r) with the joyful cries of Allahu Akbar. No other welcome wore that festive glance to gladden their hearts. Madinah appeared to be jubilant and beaming into a smile. The young maidens of Aus and Khazraj felt elated and sang in chorus:
"On the hillside whence caravans are given a sendoff, The full moon comes up this day. All the while Allah is praised, We had better return our thanks The Holy One, O You sent us, Yours has brought binding commands.
Anas b. Malik had not come of age when the Prophet (r) came to Madina. He was present on the occasion and he says, “I never saw a day more graceful and radiant than the day when the Prophet (r) came to us.” (Darimi, On the authority of Anas)
THE MOSQUE OF QUBA
The Prophet (r) stayed for four days in Quba where he laid the foundation of a mosque. He left Quba on Friday; the time for Friday prayers found him among the clan of Banu Salim b. ‘Auf where he performed the prayer in their mosque. This was the first Friday prayer offered by the Prophet of Allah (r) in Medinah. (Ibn Hisham, Vol. I, pp. 494).
IN THE HOUSE OF ABU AYYUB
ANSAARI
As
the Prophet (r) rode through the streets of the city,
people approached him in throngs with everyone offering to accommodate him in
their homes. They said, “Live with us and enjoy our wealth, honor and
protection.” Sometimes they took hold o his camel’s halter, but he said to one
and all: “Let her go her way. She is guided by Allah.” This happened more than
once.
While the Prophet (r) was going through the locality of Bani
an-Najjaar, the slave girls of the clan recited these verses to greet him:
“Daughters of Bani Najjaar we are, What luck! Muhammed is our neighbor!"
On reaching the house of Bani Malik b. an-Najjaar, the Prophets camel knelt by herself at the place where now stands the gate of the Prophet’s mosque. The place was then used for drying the dates and belonged to two orphan boys who were related to the Prophet (r) on his mother’s side.
The Prophet (r) alighted from his camel. Abu Ayyub Khalid b. Zayd, who belonged to the clan of an-Najjaar, hastily unloaded the camel and took the luggage to his house. Thus, the Prophet (r) stayed with Abu Ayyub, who paid him the greatest respect and did all he could to entertain the honored guests. Abu Ayyub was loath even to live in the upper-story that he requested the Prophet (r) to occupy the place and came down with his family to live in the ground floor. The Prophet (r), however, said to him, “O Abu Ayyub, it would be more convenient for me as well as those who come to see me if I stay in the lower portion.”
Abu Ayyub Ansaari was not a man of means, but he was extremely happy on having the Prophet (r) as his guest. He was beaming with joy at the great honor bestowed by Allah on him. The loving regard he paid to the Prophet (r) was an indication of his genuine gratitude to Allah and the Prophet (r) himself. “We used to prepare the evening meal for the Prophet (r) of Allah, says Abu Ayyub, “and send it to him.” We used to take only what was left. Umm Ayyub and I took the food from beside the part that the Prophet (r) had eaten in order to partake in its blessings. In compliance with the Prophet’s preference, he lived in the ground floor, while we occupied the upper portion. Once, we broke a jar of water whereby Umm Ayyub and I mopped up the water with the only robe we had for fear that it would drop on the Prophet (r) thereby causing him inconvenience.
Construction of the Prophet's Mosque
The Prophet (r) sent for the two boys who owned the date-store and asked them to name the price of the yard. They answered, “Nay, but we shall make thee a gift of it, O Prophet (r) of Allah!” The Prophet (r), however, refused their offer, paid them its price and built a mosque from there.
The Prophet (r) himself carried the unburned bricks for construction of the building along with the other Muslims. He is reported to have recited as he worked.
“O Allah! The true reward is the reward of the hereafter, have mercy O Allah on the Ansaars and Mujajirun.” (Ibn Kathir, Vol. II, p. 251)
Overjoyed to see the Messenger of Allah (r) invoking blessings on them, the Muslims, too, sang and thanked Allah.
The Prophet (r) lived in the house of Abu Ayyub Ansaari for seven months. (Ibn Kathir, Vol. II, p. 279)
In the meantime, the construction of the mosque and dwelling place for the Prophet’s family was already completed and so he moved to live in his house.
The Muslims who had been restrained from migration by the polytheist of Makkah, continued to emigrate to Madinah until the only ones left there were those who were either forcibly detained or had apostatized. On the other hand, not a house of Ansaar was left without the people having sworn allegiance to Allah and His Prophet (r). (Ibn Hisham, Vol. I, pp. 499-500).
BONDS OF BROTHERHOOD BETWEEN THE ANSAARS AND MUHAAJIRUN
The Prophet (r) established bonds of brotherhood between the Muhaajirun and the Ansaar putting them under an agreement and obligation to mutual welfare, benevolence and assistance. Each Ansaari took a Muhaajir brother.
The former sometimes went so far as to give his Muhaajir brother half of whatever he possessed in the form of houses, assets, lands and groves. Such was the enthusiasm of the Ansaars to share everything with their brothers-in-faith that they divided everything into two parts to draw lots for allocating their share. In most cases, they tried to give the Muhaajirun the fairer portion of their property.
An Ansaari would say to his émigrant brother “Behold, I shall divide my possessions into two halves.”
The Muhaajir, who was often an expert in commerce, would refuse and would answer, “May Allah bless you in your family and your possessions! Just inform me of where the market is?”
The Ansaar were magnanimous and self-denying and the Muhaajir forbearing, self-reliant."
COVENANT BETWEEN THE MUSLIMS AND THE JEWS
Shortly thereafter, the Prophet (r) got a written document, which bound the Muhaajirun and the Ansaars to a friendly agreement. The covenant made the Jews a party to the treaty that guaranteed them the freedom of their rights and obligations. (Ibn Hisham, Vol. p. 501)
THE CALL TO PRAYER
After the Prophet (r) had settled down and Islam was deeply entrenched in the soil of Madinah, the mode of calling the faithful to prayer caught the attention of the Prophet (r). He disliked the customs being employed by the Jews and Christians such as kindling fire or the use of bell and horn to summon the people to such a spiritual obligation.
Initially, the Muslims used to come by themselves for prayer at the scheduled time without any announcement or call at all. While different proposals were being considered, Allah guided the Muslims to the method of giving the call to prayer. A number of companions had a vision of the call in their dreams, which was approved by the Prophet (r) and prescribed as the official procedure of assembling the Muslims for such a worship act. Bilal Ibn Rabah (may Allah be pleased with him) was entrusted by the Prophet (r) to give the call to prayer and thus he came to be known as the muadhin of the Prophet (r) and the leader of all those who would call the faithful to prayer ‘till the end of time.
Hypocrisy raises its head in Madinah
There was no motivation for deception and double dealing in Makkah. Islam was helpless, harried and harassed there. Moreover, none had the power to turn the tide in Makkah, nor could anyone think of gaining any worldly advantage by accepting Islam. Giving one’s faith to Islam meant one was prepared to set oneself at odds with the whole of Makkah and to risk one’s life. Only one venturesome in spirit and having the courage of convictions could bear to play with the fire of hostility raging in the hearts of Islam’s enemies, only a man of mettle could take a chance with his life and property, future and prosperity. In Makkah, there were not two powers equally poised; the heathens were brought out forcefully by the Qur'an in its elegant style.
“And remember, when ye were few and reckoned feeble in the land, and were in fear lest men should extirpate you.”
When Islam found a new safe haven in Madina and the Prophet (r) and his companions were blessed with peace and stability, Islam began to prosper. It brought into existence a new society, a new brotherhood of men united by the consciousness of a common outlook in life and common aspirations as expressed by the Islamic principles. The dazzling spectacle of an idealistic commonwealth meant a complete break with the past for the change was so radical so as to induce the fainthearted to sail under false colors. This was quite logical or rather based on the natural instincts of those who could not cope with the revolutionary movement. Also, hypocrisy shows up its mettle only where two contending powers or principles are pitted against each other, for the indecisive and the spineless are always wavering, swinging from one end to another. They are always of two minds, hesitant, and never able to take a final decision. Often they hang together with one of the two contenders, profess loyalty and try to go along with it, but their self-solicitude and vested interests do not permit them to cling on and sacrifice and endure with it. The fear that the other party might recover its strength someday does not elude them, nor are they ever able to make a total break with their past for the sake of new ideas or ideals. This is a delicate state of disloyalty or infirmity of purpose portrayed graphically by the Qur’an as follows:
“And among the mankind is he who worshipeth Allah upon a narrow marge so that if good befalleth him, he is content therewith, but if a trial befalleth him, he falleth away utterly. He loseth both the world and the hereafter. That is the sheer loss.” [Qur'an 22:11]
The
distinctive trait of this group is delineated in another verse which says:
“Swaying between this (and
that), (belonging) neither to these nor to those.” [Qur'an 8:26]
The leader of the hypocrites, drawn from the ranks of Aus and Khazraj as well as the Jews of Madinah, was Abdullah b. Ubayy b. Sal’ul. Exhausted by the battle of Buath that was fought between the Aus and Khazraj around five years before the arrival of the Prophet (r) of Allah in Madinah, both these tribes had agreed to recognize ‘Abdullah b. Ubayy as their leader. By the time Islam came to gain adherents in Madinah, preparations were already being made to formally crown him as the king of the city. When he saw that the people were being won over by Islam, quickly and in large numbers at that, he became so annoyed that his resentment grew to torture his mind.
Ibn Hisham writes: “When the Prophet (r) came to Madina the leader there was ‘Abdullah b. Ubayy Salul al-‘Aufi. None of his own people contested his authority and Aus and Khazraj never rallied to any one man before Islam as they did to him. ‘Abdullah b. Ubayy’s people had made a sort of jeweled diadem to crown him and make him their king when Allah sent His Prophet (r) to them. So when his people deserted him in favor of Islam, he was filled with enmity realizing that the Prophet (r) had deprived him of his kingship. However, when he saw that his people were determined to go over the fold of Islam, he did too, though unwillingly, retaining his enmity and dissimulation. (Ibn Hisham, Vol. I, pp. 277-8)
All those persons who had a suppressed desire concealed in their hearts or were ambitious for prestige, power or authority, felt cut to the heart at the success of religion that welded the Muhaajirun and the Ansaar as two bodies with one soul. A religion that inspired them with a dedication to the Prophet (r) which was even more intense than one had for one’s own father, son and wife. Hatred and ill will against the Prophet (r) filled their hearts and they started hatching up plots against Muslims. This was how a coalition of the double-faced discontented ones came into existence within the Islamic world who were in reality worthless and just a parcel of the Muslim society. People no better than a lowly but dangerous snake in the grass that Muslims had to be even more careful with than to Allah’s openly acknowledged enemies.
This
is why the Qur’an repeatedly exposes their hypocrisy and warns against their
concealed designs. Their surreptitious intrigues continued to undermine the
stability of the Islamic society and hence the works on the life of the Prophet
(r) cannot do otherwise than divulge their
hidden agenda and activities.
BEGINNING OF THE JEWISH ANIMOSITY
After initially maintaining an attitude of indifference and neutrality, the Jews gradually began to show their hatred and rancor against Islam. In the beginning they steered a middle course between the Muslims and the pagans and the Arab tribes of Makkah and Madinah; or, were rather inclined towards the Muslims. The Jews of Madinah had, in the beginning, felt closer to the Muslims having found a striking resemblance of their own religious beliefs to such fundamental teachings of Islam - such as prophecy and Prophethood, belief in the Hereafter, Unity of Allah, - and their own faith. This is notwithstanding the differences in detail as well as the fact that undue veneration of certain Prophets ('alaihimus salaam) and adoption of pagan customs through their age-old association with heathens had beclouded their pristine faith in monotheism.
It was thus reasonably expected that if they did not side with the Muslims, they would at least remain non-partisan. At any rate, Islam testified the divine origin of scriptures and called upon the Muslims to have faith in all the Hebrew Prophets (r). This was later to become a fundamental tenet of faith in Islam as affirmed by the succeeding Qur’anic verse:
“Each one believeth in Allah and His Angels and His scriptures and His messengers - We make no distinction between any of His messengers.” [Qur'an 2:285]
Would that the Jews had understood the conciliatory mood of Islam; had it been so, the history of Islam or rather that of the world would have been entirely different today. Then Islam would not have faced the impediments it had to encounter in the dissemination of its message, especially in its initial stages, resulting from the strife between the early Muslims armed only with the strength of their faith and the powerful and influential, educated as well as wealthy Jews of old.
This enmity can be attributed to two causes. One of these was envy and covetousness, bigotry and narrow-mindedness.
Had there been a political leader in place of the Prophet of Allah (r) he would have tactfully met the Jews halfway, especially in view of their importance in the tangled politics of Madinah. Even if it were not possible to placate the Jews, a national leader would have at least avoided setting them at odds against him by concealing his ultimate objective. But, as Messenger of Allah (r), he had to proclaim the truth, interdict what was forbidden and countenance no vestiges of evil and peccantliness. He had been saddled with the responsibility to deliver the message of Allah to the whole World throughout all races and nations including the Jews and Christians as well as to invite them to accept Islam regardless of its costs or consequences. This was really the path taken by all the Prophets of old--a distinctive mark only akin to them, one which is in no way followed and cherished by politicians and national leaders alike.
But, this was what the Jews detested most for it struck at the very roots of their beliefs and outlook, leading them to become hostile to Islam and the Muslims. They gave up their earlier policy of steering the middle course and decided to oppose Islam in every way possible, openly as well as through intrigues. Israel Welphenson, quoted here, has been frank and straightforward in his analysis of the reasons for ill will between the Jews and the Muslims.
“If the teachings of the Prophet (r) had been restricted only to the denunciation of idolatry and the Jews had not been called upon to acknowledge his Prophethood, there would have been no conflict between the Jews and the Muslims. The Jews might have then commended and acclaimed the Prophet’s doctrine of monotheism and backed him or even supported him with men and other material resources until he had succeeded in destroying the idols and effacing polytheistic creed rampant in Arabia. But this depended on the condition that he left the Jews and their religion well enough alone and not demanded the acceptance of the new Prophethood. For the bent of Jewish temperament cannot take kindly to anything that tries to seduce it from its faith, they can never acknowledge any Prophet save one belonging to Bani Israel.” (Al-Yahud fi Balad il-‘Arab, p. 123)
The Jews were further shocked and agitated when some of their learned rabbis like ‘Abdullah Salam, whom they held in high esteem, embraced Islam. The Jews could never imagine that a man of his stature and erudition would accept the new faith. Thus, this only served to make the Jews all the more annoyed and jealous of the Religion.
The animosity of the Jews against Islam was not such as to be content with defying or putting up a bold front against it. Although Muslims shared their faith in monotheism, it was only but logical as well as reasonable to expect that if the Jews were called upon to give their verdict on the Prophet (r)’s faith vis-a-vis the idolatrous creed of the Quraysh, they would speak well of Islam. They would cite the soundness of its belief in one God against the multiplicity of deities taken for granted by the pagans of Makkah. But their hatred against Islam had so infuriated them that they were even willing to deny that gospel truth. Once, when some of the rabbis went to Makkah, the Quraysh asked them whether their idolatrous religion or that of the Prophet (r) was better, to which they answered: “Your religion is better off than his and you are more rightly-guided than them.” The comment of Dr. Israel Welphenson on the reply given by the Jews is worth repeating here.
“But, surely, the thing for which they deserved to be reproached and which would be painful to all those who believe in the Unity of Allah. Whether they be Jews and pagan Quraishites wherein they had given preference to the religion of the Quraysh over what had been brought by the Prophet of Islam.” (Al Yahud fi Balad il-‘Arab, p. 142).
The same writer further goes on to say:
“Deception, mendicity and similar means for entrapping the enemy have been sanctioned by the nations for achieving a military objective in times of warfare. Yet the Jews ought not to have committed the grievous mistake of declaring roundly that adoration of idols was preferable to the Islamic faith in the Unity of Allah. Not even if they feared to miss the distinction by doing so. For Bani Israel had, in the name of their forefathers, held aloft the banner of Allah’s Unity for ages amidst heathen nations of the old, had all along braved innumerable trials and tribulations and gone through fire and blood for its sake. It was their bounden duty to sacrifice their lives and whatever they held dear to humble the idolaters and polytheists.“ (Al-Yahud fi Balad il-‘Arab, p. 142).
As a matter of fact, the situation was sufficiently serious so as to warrant a reference in the Qur’an:
“Hast You not seen those unto whom a portion of the Scripture hath been given, how they believe in idols and false deities and how they say those (Idolaters) who disbelieve: These are more rightly guided than those who believe?” [Qur'an 4:51]
Change of the Qiblah
The Prophet (r) as well as the Muslims had been facing Jerusalem while worshipping, that is, they regarded it as housing the Qiblah. This practice was followed for one year and four months after migrating to Madinah. It was the Prophet’s desire that the Ka'bah be made the Qiblah for prayers as did the other Arab converts to Islam, for they had been holding the sanctuary at Makkah in a reverential regard since time immemorial. To them the house of worship built by Ibrahim and Ismail (u) was the holiest of the holy ones, incomparable in sanctity to any other sanctum or shrine. They were put to a severe test by being asked to face Jerusalem instead of the Ka'bah and they withstood this trial by dutifully obeying the divine command. Such was their devotion to the Prophet (r) that they always replied, whether they found anything to their linking or not:
“We hear, and we obey,” [Qur'an 24:51]
and:
“We believe therein: The whole is from our Lord,” [Qur'an 3:7]
Thus, after the faith of the earliest Muslims had been brought to a test and they had defied it successfully, the Qiblah for the prayer was changed to the Ka'bah’.
“Thus We have appointed you
a middle nation, that ye may be witness against mankind and that the messenger
may be witness against you. And We appointed the Qiblah which you formerly
observed only that We might know him who followeth the messenger, from him who
turneth on his heels. In truth it was a hard (test) save for those whom Allah
guided.” [Qur'an 2:143]
The
Muslims changed their direction promptly in prayer, in compliance with divine
command, towards the Ka'bah which was henceforth selected as the Qiblah for all
the believers, living in any part of the World, for all times to come.
THE JEWS LASH OUT AGAINST THE MUSLIMS
It preyed upon the minds of the Jews that Islam had established itself in Madinah and was making rapid strides day after day. They were sane enough to realize that if the popularity of Islam continued unabated for an extended period of time, it would be difficult for them to stand up agains